- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/647/A138
- Title:
- Taffy system CO(1-0) datacube
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/647/A138
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Taffy system (UGC 12914/15) consists of two massive spiral galaxies which had a head-on collision about 20Myr ago. New sensitive, high-resolution CO(1-0) observations of the Taffy system with the IRAM PdBI are presented. About 25% of the total interferometric CO luminosity stems from the bridge region. Assuming a Galactic N(H2)/ICO conversion factor for the galactic disks and a third of this value for the bridge gas, about 10% of the molecular gas mass is located in the bridge region. The giant HII region close to UGC 12915 is located at the northern edge of the high-surface brightness giant molecular cloud association (GMA), which has the highest velocity dispersion among the bridge GMAs. The bridge GMAs are clearly not virialized because of their high velocity dispersion. Three dynamical models are presented and while no single model reproduces all of the observed features, they are all present in at least one of the models. Most of the bridge gas detected in CO does not form stars. We suggest that turbulent adiabatic compression is responsible for the exceptionally high velocity dispersion of the molecular ISM and the suppression of star formation in the Taffy bridge. In this scenario the turbulent velocity dispersion of the largest eddies and turbulent substructures/clouds increase such that giant molecular clouds are no longer in global virial equilibrium. The increase of the virial parameter leads to a decrease of the star formation efficiency. Most of the low-surface density, CO-emitting gas will disperse without forming stars but some of the high-density gas will probably collapse and form dense star clusters, such as the luminous HII region close to UGC 12915. We suggest that globular clusters and super star clusters formed and still form through the gravitational collapse of gas previously compressed by turbulent adiabatic compression during galaxy interactions.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/784/3
- Title:
- The PAWS catalogs of GMCs and islands in M51
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/784/3
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Using data from the PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS), we have generated the largest extragalactic giant molecular cloud (GMC) catalog to date, containing 1507 individual objects. GMCs in the inner M51 disk account for only 54% of the total ^12^CO(1-0) luminosity of the survey, but on average they exhibit physical properties similar to Galactic GMCs. We do not find a strong correlation between the GMC size and velocity dispersion, and a simple virial analysis suggests that ~30% of GMCs in M51 are unbound. We have analyzed the GMC properties within seven dynamically motivated galactic environments, finding that GMCs in the spiral arms and in the central region are brighter and have higher velocity dispersions than inter-arm clouds. Globally, the GMC mass distribution does not follow a simple power-law shape. Instead, we find that the shape of the mass distribution varies with galactic environment: the distribution is steeper in inter-arm region than in the spiral arms, and exhibits a sharp truncation at high masses for the nuclear bar region. We propose that the observed environmental variations in the GMC properties and mass distributions are a consequence of the combined action of large-scale dynamical processes and feedback from high-mass star formation. We describe some challenges of using existing GMC identification techniques for decomposing the ^12^CO(1-0) emission in molecule-rich environments, such as M51's inner disk.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/621/A50
- Title:
- TX Psc ALMA CO(2-1) images
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/621/A50
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We observed the carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star TX Piscium (TX Psc) with ALMA in CO(2-1) emission to investigate the circumstellar envelope (CSE) and mass-loss history of this object. Previous observations with Herschel in the far infrared have shown a ring-like structure in dust emission (2011A&A...532A.135J). Our molecular gas observations of the CO(2-1) emission line cover this structure with significantly higher spatial resolution to investigate its origin.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/856/85
- Title:
- Unlocking CO depletion in protoplanetary disks. I.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/856/85
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- CO is commonly used as a tracer of the total gas mass in both the interstellar medium and in protoplanetary disks. Recently, there has been much debate about the utility of CO as a mass tracer in disks. Observations of CO in protoplanetary disks reveal a range of CO abundances, with measurements of low CO to dust mass ratios in numerous systems. One possibility is that carbon is removed from CO via chemistry. However, the full range of physical conditions conducive to this chemical reprocessing is not well understood. We perform a systematic survey of the time dependent chemistry in protoplanetary disks for 198 models with a range of physical conditions. We vary dust grain size distribution, temperature, comic-ray and X-ray ionization rates, disk mass, and initial water abundance, detailing what physical conditions are necessary to activate the various CO depletion mechanisms in the warm molecular layer. We focus our analysis on the warm molecular layer in two regions: the outer disk (100au) well outside the CO snowline and the inner disk (19au) just inside the midplane CO snowline. After 1Myr, we find that the majority of models have a CO abundance relative to H_2_ less than 10^-4^ in the outer disk, while an abundance less than 10^-5^ requires the presence of cosmic-rays. Inside the CO snowline, significant depletion of CO only occurs in models with a high cosmic-ray rate. If cosmic-rays are not present in young disks, it is difficult to chemically remove carbon from CO. Additionally, removing water prior to CO depletion impedes the chemical processing of CO. Chemical processing alone cannot explain current observations of low CO abundances. Other mechanisms must also be involved.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/657/A9
- Title:
- Virgo Filaments. I. CO and HI data
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/657/A9
- Date:
- 21 Mar 2022 09:21:25
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- It is now well established that galaxies have different morphology, gas content and star formation rate in dense environments like galaxy clusters. The impact of environmental density extends to several virial radii, and galaxies appear to be pre-processed in filaments and groups, before falling into the cluster. Our goal is to quantify this pre-processing, in terms of gas content, and star formation rate, as a function of density in cosmic filaments. We have observed the two first CO transitions in 163 galaxies with the IRAM-30m telescope, and added 82 more measurements from the literature, for a sample of 245 galaxies in the filaments around Virgo cluster. We gathered HI-21cm measurements from the literature, and observed 69 galaxies with the Nancay telescope, to complete our sample. We compare our filament galaxies with comparable samples from the Virgo cluster and with the isolated galaxies of the AMIGA sample. We find a clear progression from field galaxies to filament and cluster ones for decreasing star formation rate, increasing fraction of galaxies in the quenching phase, increasing proportion of early-type galaxies and decreasing gas content. Galaxies in the quenching phase, defined as having star formation rate below one third of the main sequence rate, are only between 0-20% in the isolated sample, according to local galaxy density, while they are 20-60% in the filaments and 30-80% in the Virgo cluster. Processes that lead to star formation quenching are already at play in filaments. They depend mostly on the local galaxy density, while the distance to the filament spine is a secondary parameter. While the HI to stellar mass ratio decreases with local density by an order of magnitude in the filaments, and two orders of magnitude in the Virgo cluster with respect to the field, the decrease is much less for the H2 to stellar mass ratio. As the environmental density increases, the gas depletion time decreases, since the gas content decreases faster than the star formation rate. This suggests that gas depletion significantly precedes star formation quenching.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/627/A75
- Title:
- VRO 42.05.01 CO datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/627/A75
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The environment of supernova remnants (SNRs) is a key factor in their evolution, particularly at later stages of their existence. Mixed-morphology (MM) SNRs have a peculiar centre-filled X-ray shape that remains enigmatic. It is often assumed that they evolve in very dense environments, and that the X-ray morphology is due to interactions between the SNRs and their surroundings. We aim to determine whether VRO 42.05.01 is embedded in, and interacting with, a dense molecular environment. We also aim to understand the multi-wavelength emission from the environment of this SNR, and whether the interstellar material can be responsible for the the MM nature of the source, and for its strange radio and optical shape. We used the IRAM telescope in Pico Veleta, Spain, to search for signs of interaction between the SNR and neighbouring molecular clouds. We observed a region of 260 140 towards the west of VRO 42.05.01 and a region of 80 40 towards the north of the remnant in the ^12^CO J=1-0, ^13^CO J=1-0, and ^12^CO J=2-1 transitions with the EMIR receiver. We made maps of the properties of the observed molecular clouds (peak temperatures, central velocities, velocity dispersions), as well as maps of column density along the line of sight, and ratio of the ^12^CO J=2-1 to ^12^CO J=1-0 transitions.We also analyse archival optical, infrared, and radio spectroscopic data for other hints on the nature of the medium. We do not find conclusive physical proof that the SNR is interacting with the few, clumpy molecular clouds that surround it in the region of our observations, although there is some suggestion of such interaction (in a region outside our map) from infrared emission. We find that there is a velocity gradient in one of the molecular clouds that is consistent with a stellar wind blown by a 12-14M_{sun}_ progenitor star.We reassess the literature distance to VRO 42.05.01, and propose that it has a local standard of rest velocity of ~6km/s, and that it is located 1.0+/-0.4kpc away (the earlier distance value was 4.5+/-1.5kpc).We find that a dust sheet intersects VRO 42.05.01 and is possibly related to its double shell-shaped morphology.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/588/A131
- Title:
- Warm ISM in the Sagittarius A Complex
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/588/A131
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We investigate the spatial and spectral distribution of the local standard of rest (LSR) velocity resolved submillimetre emission from the warm (25-90K) gas in the Sgr A Complex, located in the Galactic centre. We present large-scale submillimetre heterodyne observations towards the Sgr A Complex covering ~300-arcmin2. These data were obtained in the frame of the Herschel EXtraGALactic guaranteed time key program (HEXGAL) with the Herschel-HIFI satellite and are complemented with submillimetre observations obtained with the NANTEN2/SMART telescope as part of the NANTEN2/SMART Central Nuclear Zone Survey. The observed species are CO(J=4-3) at 461.0GHz observed with the NANTEN2/SMART telescope, and [CI] 3P1-3P0 at 492.2GHz, [CI] 3P2-3P1 at 809.3GHz, [NII] 3P1-3P0 at 1461.1GHz, and [CII] 2P3/2-2P1/2 at 1900.5GHz observed with the Herschel-HIFI satellite. The observations are presented in a 1km/s spectral resolution and a spatial resolution ranging from 46-arcsec to 28-arcsec. The spectral coverage of the three lower frequency lines is +/-200km/s, while in the two high frequency lines, the upper LSR velocity limit is +94km/s and +145km/s for the [NII] and [CII] lines, respectively. The spatial distribution of the emission in all lines is very widespread. The bulk of the carbon monoxide emission is found towards Galactic latitudes below the Galactic plane, and all the known molecular clouds are identified. Both neutral atomic carbon lines have their brightest emission associated with the +50km/s cloud. Their spatial distribution at this LSR velocity describes a crescent-shape structure, which is probably the result of interaction with the energetic event (one or several supernovae explosions) that gave origin to the non-thermal Sgr A-East source. The [CII] and [NII] emissions have most of their flux associated with the thermal arched-filaments and the H region and bright spots in [CII] emission towards the central nuclear disk (CND) are detected. Warm Gas at very high (|Vlsr|>100km/s) LSR velocities is also detected towards the line of sight to the Sgr A Complex, and it is most probably located outside the region, in the X1 orbits.
178. xCOLD GASS catalog
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/233/22
- Title:
- xCOLD GASS catalog
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/233/22
- Date:
- 02 Nov 2021 07:14:32
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We introduce xCOLD GASS, a legacy survey providing a census of molecular gas in the local universe. Building on the original COLD GASS survey, we present here the full sample of 532 galaxies with CO (1-0) measurements from the IRAM 30m telescope. The sample is mass-selected in the redshift interval 0.01<z<0.05 from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and therefore representative of the local galaxy population with M_*_>10^9^M_{sun}_. The CO (1-0) flux measurements are complemented by observations of the CO (2-1) line with both the IRAM 30 m and APEX telescopes, HI observations from Arecibo, and photometry from SDSS, WISE, and GALEX. Combining the IRAM and APEX data, we find that the ratio of CO (2-1) to CO (1-0) luminosity for integrated measurements is r_21_=0.79+/- 0.03, with no systematic variations across the sample. The CO (1-0) luminosity function is constructed and best fit with a Schechter function with parameters L_CO_^* ^=(7.77+/-2.11)x10^9^K.(km/s).pc^2^, {phi}^*^=(9.84+/-5.41)x10^-4^Mpc^-3^, and {alpha}=-1.19+/-0.05. With the sample now complete down to stellar masses of 10^9^M_{sun}_, we are able to extend our study of gas scaling relations and confirm that both molecular gas fractions (f_H2_) and depletion timescale (t_dep_(H2)) vary with specific star formation rate (or offset from the star formation main sequence) much more strongly than they depend on stellar mass. Comparing the xCOLD GASS results with outputs from hydrodynamic and semianalytic models, we highlight the constraining power of cold gas scaling relations on models of galaxy formation.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/576/A109
- Title:
- YSOs APEX-CHAMP^+^ high-J CO maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/576/A109
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- During the embedded stage of star formation, bipolar molecular outflows and UV radiation from the protostar are important feedback processes. Both processes reflect the accretion onto the forming star and affect subsequent collapse or fragmentation of the cloud. Our aim is to quantify the feedback, mechanical and radiative, for a large sample of low-mass sources in a consistent manner. The outflow activity is compared to radiative feedback in the form of UV heating by the accreting protostar to search for correlations and evolutionary trends. Large-scale maps of 26 young stellar objects, which are part of the Herschel WISH key program are obtained using the CHAMP+ instrument on the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (^12^CO and ^13^CO 6-5; E_up_~100K), and the HARP-B instrument on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (^12^CO and ^13^CO 3-2; E_up_~30K). The maps have high spatial resolution, particularly the CO 6-5 maps taken with a 9" beam, resolving the morphology of the outflows. The maps are used to determine outflow parameters and the results are compared with higher-J CO lines obtained with Herschel. Envelope models are used to quantify the amount of UV-heated gas and its temperature from ^13^CO 6-5 observations. All sources in our sample show outflow activity, with the spatial extent decreasing from the Class 0 to the Class I stage. Consistent with previous studies, the outflow force, F_CO_, is larger for Class 0 sources than for Class I sources, even if their luminosities are comparable. The outflowing gas typically extends to much greater distances than the power-law envelope and therefore influences the surrounding cloud material directly. Comparison of the CO 6-5 results with HIFI H2O and PACS high-J CO lines, both tracing currently shocked gas, shows that the two components are linked, even though the transitions do not probe the same gas. The link does not extend down to CO 3-2. The conclusion is that CO 6-5 depends on the shock characteristics (density and velocity), whereas CO 3-2 is more sensitive to conditions in the surrounding environment (density). The radiative feedback is responsible for increasing the gas temperature by a factor of two, up to 30-50K, on scales of a few thousand AU, particularly along the direction of the outflow. The mass of the UV heated gas exceeds the mass contained in the entrained outflow in the inner ~3000AU and is therefore at least as important on small scales.
