- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/605/A82
- Title:
- Rosette Nebula globules
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/605/A82
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Rosette nebula is an HII region ionized mainly by the stellar cluster NGC 2244. Elephant trunks, globules, and globulettes are seen at the interface where the HII region and the surrounding molecular shell meet. We have observed a field in the northwestern part of the Rosette nebula where we study the small globules protruding from the shell. Our aim is to measure their properties and study their star-formation history in continuation of our earlier study of the features of the region. We imaged the region in broadband near-infrared (NIR) JsHKs filters and narrowband H_2_ 1-0 S(1), P{beta}, and continuum filters using the SOFI camera at the ESO/NTT. The imaging was used to study the stellar population and surface brightness, create visual extinction maps, and locate star formation. Mid-infrared (MIR) Spitzer IRAC and WISE and optical NOT images were used to further study the star formation and the structure of the globules. The NIR and MIR observations indicate an outflow, which is confirmed with CO observations made with APEX.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/234/22
- Title:
- SCUBA-2 Galactic Center compact source catalog
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/234/22
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present new JCMT SCUBA-2 observations of the Galactic Center region from 355{deg}<l<5{deg} and b<+/-1{deg}, covering 10x2 square degrees along the Galactic Plane to a depth of 43mJy/beam at 850{mu}m and 360mJy/beam at 450{mu}m. We describe the mapping strategy and reduction method used. We present ^12^CO(3-2) observations of selected regions in the field. We derive the molecular-line conversion factors (mJy/beam per K.km/s) at 850 and 450{mu}m, which are then used to obtain the amount of contamination in the continuum maps due to ^12^CO(3-2) emission in the 850{mu}m band. Toward the fields where the CO contamination has been accounted for, we present an 850{mu}m CO-corrected compact source catalog. Finally, we look for possible physical trends in the CO contamination with respect to column density, mass, and concentration. No trends were seen in the data despite the recognition of three contributors to CO contamination: opacity, shocks, and temperature, which would be expected to relate to physical conditions. These SCUBA-2 Galactic Center data are available via http://doi.org/10.11570/17.0009.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/619/A166
- Title:
- SEDIGISM, kinematics of ATLASGAL filaments
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/619/A166
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Analyzing the kinematics of filamentary molecular clouds is a crucial step toward understanding their role in the star formation process. Therefore, we study the kinematics of 283 filament candidates in the inner Galaxy, that were previously identified in the ATLASGAL dust continuum data. The ^13^CO(2-1) and C^18^O(2-1) data of the SEDIGISM survey (Structure, Excitation, and Dynamics of the Inner Galactic Inter Stellar Medium) allows us to analyze the kinematics of these targets and to determine their physical properties at a resolution of 30-arcsec and 0.25km/s. To do so, we developed an automated algorithm to identify all velocity components along the line-of-sight correlated with the ATLASGAL dust emission, and derive size, mass, and kinematic properties for all velocity components. We find two-third of the filament candidates are coherent structures in position-position-velocity space. The remaining candidates appear to be the result of a superposition of two or three filamentary structures along the line-of-sight. At the resolution of the data, on average the filaments are in agreement with Plummer-like radial density profiles with a power-law exponent of p~=1.5+/-0.5, indicating that they are typically embedded in a molecular cloud and do not have a well-defined outer radius. Also, we find a correlation between the observed mass per unit length and the velocity dispersion of the filament of m{prop.to}{sigma}_v_^2^. We show that this relation can be explained by a virial balance between self-gravity and pressure. Another possible explanation could be radial collapse of the filament, where we can exclude infall motions close to the free-fall velocity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/659/A36
- Title:
- Self-absorption in RCW 120
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/659/A36
- Date:
- 02 Mar 2022 07:09:25
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Revealing the 3D dynamics of HII region bubbles and their associated molecular clouds and HI envelopes is important for developing an understanding of the longstanding problem as to how stellar feedback affects the density structure and kinematics of the different phases of the interstellar medium. We employed observations of the HII region RCW 120 in the [CII] 158um line, observed within the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) legacy program FEEDBACK, and in the ^12^CO and ^13^CO (3-2) lines, obtained with the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) to derive the physical properties of the gas in the photodissociation region (PDR) and in the molecular cloud. We used high angular resolution HI data from the Southern Galactic Plane Survey to quantify the physical properties of the cold atomic gas through HI self-absorption. The high spectral resolution of the heterodyne observations turns out to be essential in order to analyze the physical conditions, geometry, and overall structure of the sources. Two types of radiative transfer models were used to fit the observed [CII] and CO spectra. A line profile analysis with the 1D non-LTE radiative transfer code SimLine proves that the CO emission cannot stem from a spherically symmetric molecular cloud configuration. With a two-layer multicomponent model, we then quantified the amount of warm background and cold foreground gas. To fully exploit the spectral-spatial information in the CO spectra, a Gaussian mixture model was introduced that allows for grouping spectra into clusters with similar properties. The CO emission arises mostly from a limb-brightened, warm molecular ring, or more specifically a torus when extrapolated in 3D. There is a deficit of CO emission along the line-of-sight toward the center of the HII region which indicates that the HII region is associated with a flattened molecular cloud. Self-absorption in the CO line may hide signatures of infalling and expanding molecular gas. The [CII] emission arises from an expanding [CII] bubble and from the PDRs in the ring/torus. A significant part of [CII] emission is absorbed in a cool (~60-100K), low-density (<500cm^-3^) atomic foreground layer with a thickness of a few parsec. We propose that the RCW 120 HII region formed in a flattened, filamentary, or sheet-like, molecular cloud and is now bursting out of its parental cloud. The compressed surrounding molecular layer formed a torus around the spherically expanding HII bubble. This scenario can possibly be generalized for other HII bubbles and would explain the observed "flat" structure of molecular clouds associated with HII bubbles. We suggest that the [CII] absorption observed in many star-forming regions is at least partly caused by low-density, cool, HI-envelopes surrounding the molecular clouds.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/643/A127
- Title:
- 5 Seyferts reduced CO(2-1) cubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/643/A127
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Active galactic nucleus (AGN) driven outflows are believed to play an important role in regulating the growth of galaxies, mostly via negative feedback. However, their effects on their hosts are far from clear, especially for low- and moderate-luminosity Seyferts. To investigate this issue, we obtained cold molecular gas observations, traced by the CO(2-1) transition, using the NOEMA interferometer of five nearby (distances between 19 and 58Mpc) Seyfert galaxies. The resolution of ~0.3-0.8 (~30-100pc) and field of view of NOEMA allowed us to study the CO(2-1) morphology and kinematics in the nuclear regions (~100pc) and up to radial distances of ~900pc. We detected CO(2-1) emission in all five galaxies with disky or circumnuclear ring-like morphologies. We derived cold molecular gas masses on nuclear (~100pc) and circumnuclear (~650pc) scales in the range from 10^6^ to 10^7^M_{sun}_ and from 10^7^ to 10^8^M_{sun}_, respectively. In all of our galaxies, the bulk of this gas is rotating in the plane of the galaxy. However, noncircular motions are also present. In NGC 4253, NGC 4388, and NGC 7465, we can ascribe the streaming motions to the presence of a large-scale bar. In Mrk 1066 and NGC 4388, the noncircular motions in the nuclear regions are explained as outflowing material due to the interaction of the AGN wind with molecular gas in the galaxy disk. We conclude that for an unambiguous and precise interpretation of the kinematics of the cold molecular gas, we need detailed knowledge of the host galaxy (i.e., presence of bars, interactions, etc.), and also of the ionized gas kinematics and ionization cone geometry.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/645/A113
- Title:
- Southern outer Galaxy star forming regions
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/645/A113
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Star formation in the outer Galaxy is thought to be different from that in the inner Galaxy, as it is subject to different environmental parameters such as metallicity, interstellar radiation field, or mass surface density, which all change with galactocentric radius. Extending our star formation knowledge, from the inner to the outer Galaxy, helps us to understand the influences of the change of the environment on star formation throughout the Milky Way. We aim to obtain a more detailed view on the structure of the outer Galaxy, determining physical properties for a large number of star forming clumps and understanding star formation outside the solar circle. As one of the largest expanding Galactic super-shellsis present in the observed region, a unique opportunity is taken here to investigate the influence of such an expanding structure on star formation as well. We used pointed ^12^CO(2-1) observations conducted with the APEX telescope to determine the velocity components towards 830 dust clumps identified from 250um Herschel/Hi-GAL SPIRE emission maps in the outer Galaxy between 225<l<260. We determined kinematic distances from the velocity components, in order to analyze the structure of the outer Galaxy and to estimate physical properties such as dust temperatures, bolometric luminosities, clump masses, and H2 column densities for 611 clumps. Forthis, we determined the dust spectral energy density distributions from archival mid-infrared to sub- millimeter (submm) emission maps. We find the identified CO clouds to be strongly correlated with the highest column density parts of the Hiemission distribution, spanning a web of bridges, spurs, and blobs of star forming regions between the larger complexes, unveiling the complex three-dimensional structure of the outer Galaxy in unprecedented detail. Using the physical properties of the clumps, we find an upper limit of 6% (40 sources) capable of forming high-mass stars. This is supported by the fact that only two methanol Class II masers,or 34 known or candidate HII regions, are found in the whole survey area, indicating an even lower fraction that are able to form high-mass stars in the outer Galaxy. We fail to find any correlation of the physical parameters of the identified (potential) star forming regions with the expanding supershell, indicating that although the shell organizes the interstellar material into clumps, the properties of the latter are unaffected. Using the APEX telescope in combination with publicly available Hi-GAL, MSX, and Wise continuum emission maps, we were able to investigate the structure and properties of a region of the Milky Way in unprecedented detail.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/648/A19
- Title:
- Spiral structure in the gas disc of CQ Tau
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/648/A19
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We used spatially resolved ALMA observations of the three CO isotopologues ^12^CO, ^13^CO and C^18^O (J=2-1) from CQ Tau to analyse the brightness temperature and kinematics of the gas disc. We detect significant spiral structures in both the brightness temperature and the rotation velocity of ^12^CO after subtraction of an azimuthally symmetric model, which may be tracing planet-disc interactions with an embedded planet or low-mass companion. The brightness temperature spirals are morphologically connected to spirals observed in NIR scattered light in the same disc, indicating a common origin. Together with the observed large dust and gas cavity, these spiral structures support the hypothesis of a massive embedded companion in the CQ Tau disc.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/833/229
- Title:
- Star forming cloud-giant molecular cloud complexes
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/833/229
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Star formation on galactic scales is known to be a slow process, but whether it is slow on smaller scales is uncertain. We cross-correlate 5469 giant molecular clouds (GMCs) from a new all-sky catalog with 256 star-forming complexes (SFCs) to build a sample of 191 SFC-GMC complexes-collections of multiple clouds each matched to 191 SFCs. The total mass in stars harbored by these clouds is inferred from WMAP free-free fluxes. We measure the GMC mass, the virial parameter, the star formation efficiency {epsilon} and the star formation rate per freefall time {epsilon}_ff_. Both {epsilon} and {epsilon}_ff_ range over 3-4 orders of magnitude. We find that 68.3% of the clouds fall within {sigma}_log{epsilon}_=0.79+/-0.22dex and {sigma}_log{epsilon}_ff__=0.91+/-0.22dex about the median. Compared to these observed scatters, a simple model with a time-independent {epsilon}_ff_ that depends on the host GMC properties predicts {sigma}_log{epsilon}_ff__=0.12-0.24. Allowing for a time-variable {epsilon}_ff_, we can recover the large dispersion in the rate of star formation. This strongly suggests that star formation in the Milky Way is a dynamic process on GMC scales. We also show that the surface star formation rate profile of the Milky Way correlates well with the molecular gas surface density profile.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/478/1442
- Title:
- 78 Stripe82 galaxies masses
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/478/1442
- Date:
- 19 Jan 2022 11:53:49
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a cross-calibration of CO- and dust-based molecular gas masses at z<=0.2. Our results are based on a survey with the IRAM 30-m telescope collecting CO(1-0) measurements of 78 massive (logM*/M_{sun}_>10) galaxies with known gas-phase metallicities and with IR photometric coverage from Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer(WISE; 22um) and Herschel Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE; 250, 350, 500um). We find a tight relation (~0.17dex scatter) between the gas masses inferred from CO and dust continuum emission, with a minor systematic offset of 0.05dex. The two methods can be brought into agreement by applying a metallicity-dependent adjustment factor (~0.13dex scatter). We illustrate that the observed offset is consistent with a scenario in which dust traces not only molecular gas but also part of the HI reservoir, residing in the H_2_-dominated region of the galaxy. Observations of the CO(2-1) to CO(1-0) line ratio for two-thirds of the sample indicate a narrow range in excitation properties, with a median ratio of luminosities <R_21_>~0.64. Finally, we find dynamical mass constraints from spectral line profile fitting to agree well with the anticipated mass budget enclosed within an effective radius, once all mass components (stars, gas, and dark matter) are accounted for.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/599/1049
- Title:
- Supergiant molecular complexes in the Antennae
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/599/1049
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have used previously published observations of the CO emission from the Antennae (NGC 4038/4039) to study the detailed properties of the supergiant molecular complexes with the goal of understanding the formation of young massive star clusters.
