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Start Over Subject astrophysical masers Validation Level 2
1. Accurate OH maser positions from SPLASH. III.
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/247/5
Title:
Accurate OH maser positions from SPLASH. III.
Short Name:
J/ApJS/247/5
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We present high spatial resolution observations of ground-state OH masers achieved with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). These observations targeted 253 pointing centers containing OH maser candidates at all four ground-state OH transitions identified in the Southern Parkes Large-Area Survey in Hydroxyl (SPLASH) across 96deg^2^ of the southern Galactic plane (332{deg}<l<334{deg} and -2{deg}<b<+2{deg}, 344{deg}<l<355{deg} and -2{deg}<b<+2{deg}, 358{deg}<l<4{deg} and +2{deg}<b<+6{deg}, 5{deg}<l<10{deg} and -2{deg}<b<+2{deg}). We detect maser emission toward 236 fields and suggest that 7 out of 17 nondetections are due to the slightly lower sensitivity of the ATCA observations, combined with some temporal variability. The superior resolution provided by the ATCA data has allowed us to identify 362 OH maser sites in the 236 target fields. Almost half (160 of 362) of these masers have been detected for the first time. Comparison between these 362 maser sites and information presented in the literature allowed us to categorize 238 sites as evolved star sites (66%), 63 as star formation (17%), 8 as supernova remnants, and 53 as unknown maser sites (15%). We present an analysis of the OH masers across the full SPLASH survey range (176deg^2^) and find that the detection rate of 1.7GHz radio continuum sources (18%) is lower than that previously found at 8.2 and 9.2GHz (38%). We also find that the velocity separations of evolved star sites with symmetric 1612MHz maser profiles are generally smaller than those with asymmetric profiles.
2. Accurate OH maser positions. II. The GC.
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/239/15
Title:
Accurate OH maser positions. II. The GC.
Short Name:
J/ApJS/239/15
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We present high spatial resolution observations of ground-state OH masers achieved using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). These observations were conducted toward 171 pointing centers where OH maser candidates were identified previously in the Southern Parkes Large-Area Survey in Hydroxyl (SPLASH) toward the Galactic center region between Galactic longitudes of 355* and 5* and Galactic latitudes of -2{deg} and +2{deg}. We detect maser emission toward 162 target fields and suggest that six out of nine nondetections are due to intrinsic variability. Due to the superior spatial resolution of the follow-up ATCA observations, we have identified 356 OH maser sites in the 162 target fields with maser detections. Almost half (161 of 356) of these maser sites have been detected for the first time in these observations. After comparing the positions of these 356 maser sites to the literature, we find that 269 (76%) sites are associated with evolved stars (two of which are PNe), 31 (9%) are associated with star formation, and four are associated with supernova remnants; we were unable to determine the origin of the remaining 52 (15%) sites. Unlike the pilot region, the infrared colors of evolved star sites with symmetric maser profiles in the 1612MHz transition do not show obvious differences compared with those of evolved star sites with asymmetric maser profiles.
3. Accurate water maser positions from HOPS
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/442/2240
Title:
Accurate water maser positions from HOPS
Short Name:
J/MNRAS/442/2240
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We report on high spatial resolution water maser observations, using the Australia Telescope Compact Array, towards water maser sites previously identified in the H2O southern Galactic Plane Survey (HOPS) within the area covering Galactic coordinates from l=290 to l=30 and b=-0.5 to b=+0.5. Of the 540 maser sites identified in the single-dish observations of Walsh et al. (2011MNRAS.416.1764W, Cat. J/MNRAS/416/1764), we detect emission in all but 31 fields. These maser sites together comprise 2790 individual spectral features (maser spots), with brightnesses ranging from 0.06Jy to 576Jy and with velocities ranging from -238.5 to +300.5km/s. Based on a definition of maser site size of 4-arcsec (except for G000.667+0.028, also known as Sgr B2, which we treat as a special case), we identify 631 maser sites. We have compared the positions of these sites to the literature to associate the sites with astrophysical objects. We identify 433 (69%) with star formation, 121 (19%) with evolved stars and 77 (12%) as unknown. Comparing the properties of maser sites of different origins, we find that those associated with evolved stars tend to have more maser spots and have smaller angular sizes than those associated with star formation. We present evidence that maser sites associated with evolved stars show an increased likelihood of having a velocity range between 15 and 35 km/s compared to other maser sites. We suggest this is because many of these maser sites are associated with the circumstellar shells of the evolved stars, which are expanding at these velocities. Of the 31 non-detections, we conclude they were not detected due to intrinsic variability and confirm previous results showing that such variable masers tend to be weaker and have simpler spectra with fewer peaks. Of the small number of maser sites showing linear features, we find evidence for lines that are both perpendicular and parallel to known outflows, suggesting that in star formation, H_2_O maser origins may be as varied and as complex as those of class II methanol masers.
4. A 6.7GHz methanol maser survey. II. |b|<2{deg}
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/241/18
Title:
A 6.7GHz methanol maser survey. II. |b|<2{deg}
Short Name:
J/ApJS/241/18
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We report the results of our systematic survey for Galactic 6.7GHz Class II CH_3_OH maser emission toward a sample of young stellar objects. The survey was conducted with the Shanghai Tianma Radio Telescope (TMRT). The sample consists of 3348 sources selected from the all-sky Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) point-source catalog. We discussed the selection criteria in detail and the detection results of those at high Galactic latitudes (i.e., |b|>2{deg}) in a previous paper (Paper I; Yang+ 2017, J/ApJ/846/160). Here, we present the results from the survey of those at low Galactic latitudes, i.e., |b|<2{deg}. Of 1875 selected WISE point sources, 291 positions that were actually associated with 224 sources that were detected with CH_3_OH maser emission. Among them, 32 are newly detected. A majority of the newly detected sources are associated with bright WISE sources. The majority of the detected sources (209/224=93.3%) are quite close to the Galactic Plane (|b|<1{deg}) and lie on the inner spiral arms with positive local standard of rest velocities. The detection rate and the color-color distribution of our detection are all matched with our anticipation. Combining with detections from previous surveys, we compile a catalog of 1085 sources with 6.7GHz CH_3_OH maser emission in our Galaxy.
5. A 4-6GHz RRL survey in the Milky Way
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/248/3
Title:
A 4-6GHz RRL survey in the Milky Way
Short Name:
J/ApJS/248/3
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We performed a radio recombination line (RRL) survey to construct a high-mass star-forming region (HMSFR) sample in the Milky Way based on the all-sky Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer point-source catalog. The survey was observed with the Shanghai 65m Tianma radio telescope covering 10 hydrogen RRL transitions ranging from H98{alpha} to H113{alpha} (corresponding to the rest frequencies of 4.5-6.9GHz) simultaneously. Out of 3348 selected targets, we identified an HMSFR sample consisting of 517 sources traced by RRLs; a large fraction of this sample (486) is located near the Galactic Plane (|b|<2{deg}). In addition to the hydrogen RRLs, we also detected helium and carbon RRLs toward 49 and 23 sources, respectively. We crossmatch the RRL detections with the 6.7 methanol maser sources built up in previous works for the same target sample. As a result, 103 HMSFR sources were found to harbor both emissions. In this paper, we present the HMSFR catalog accompanied by the measured RRL line properties and a correlation with our methanol maser sample, which is believed to trace massive stars at earlier stages. The construction of an HMSFR sample consisting of sources in various evolutionary stages indicated by different tracers is fundamental for future studies of high-mass star formation in such regions.
6. A 95 GHz Survey of Methanol Masers
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AZh/72/22
Title:
A 95 GHz Survey of Methanol Masers
Short Name:
J/AZh/72/22
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
A 95GHz survey of methanol emission in the 8_0_-7_1_A^+^ transition was conducted with the 20-m radio telescope at Onsala. Twenty-six new sources were detected in the emission line. At least nine out of the 35 studied sources are masers.
7. ALMA and VLA radio continuum obs. of NGC 6334I
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/832/187
Title:
ALMA and VLA radio continuum obs. of NGC 6334I
Short Name:
J/ApJ/832/187
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We present Very Large Array and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array imaging of the deeply embedded protostellar cluster NGC 6334I from 5cm to 1.3mm at angular resolutions as fine as 0.17" (220au). The dominant hot core MM1 is resolved into seven components at 1.3mm, clustered within a radius of 1000au. Four of the components have brightness temperatures >200K, radii ~300au, minimum luminosities ~10^4^L_{sun}_, and must be centrally heated. We term this new phenomenon a "hot multi-core." Two of these objects also exhibit compact free-free emission at longer wavelengths, consistent with a hypercompact HII region (MM1B) and a jet (MM1D). The spatial kinematics of the water maser emission centered on MM1D are consistent with it being the origin of the high-velocity bipolar molecular outflow seen in CO. The close proximity of MM1B and MM1D (440au) suggests a proto-binary or a transient bound system. Several components of MM1 exhibit steep millimeter spectral energy distributions indicative of either unusual dust spectral properties or time variability. In addition to resolving MM1 and the other hot core (MM2) into multiple components, we detect five new millimeter and two new centimeter sources. Water masers are detected for the first time toward MM4A, confirming its membership in the protocluster. With a 1.3mm brightness temperature of 97K coupled with a lack of thermal molecular line emission, MM4A appears to be a highly optically thick 240L_{sun}_ dust core, possibly tracing a transient stage of massive protostellar evolution. The nature of the strongest water maser source CM2 remains unclear due to its combination of non-thermal radio continuum and lack of dust emission.
8. Ammonia and CO outflow around 6.7GHz methanol masers
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/152/92
Title:
Ammonia and CO outflow around 6.7GHz methanol masers
Short Name:
J/AJ/152/92
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
Single point observations are presented in NH_3_ (1, 1) and (2, 2) inversion transitions using the Effelsberg 100m telescope for a sample of 100 6.7GHz methanol masers and mapping observations in the ^12^CO and ^13^CO (1-0) transitions using the Purple Mountain Observatory Delingha 13.7m telescope for 82 sample sources with detected ammonia. A further 62 sources were selected for either ^12^CO or ^13^CO line outflow identification, producing 45 outflow candidates, 29 using ^12^CO and 16 using ^13^CO data. Twenty-two of the outflow candidates were newly identified, and 23 had trigonometric parallax distances. Physical properties were derived from ammonia lines and CO outflow parameters were calculated. Histograms and statistical correlations for ammonia, CO outflow parameters, and 6.7GHz methanol maser luminosities are also presented. No significant correlation was found between ammonia and maser luminosity. However, weak correlations were found between outflow properties and maser luminosities, which may indicate that outflows are physically associated with 6.7GHz masers.
9. 44 and 95GHz observations of class I methanol masers
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/248/18
Title:
44 and 95GHz observations of class I methanol masers
Short Name:
J/ApJS/248/18
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We report a simultaneous 44 and 95GHz class I methanol maser survey toward 144 sources from the 95GHz class I methanol maser catalog. The observations were made with the three telescopes of the Korean very long baseline interferometry network operating in single-dish mode. The detection rates are 89% at 44GHz and 77% at 95GHz. There are 106 new discoveries at 44GHz. Comparing the previous 95GHz detections with new observations of the same transitions made using the Purple Mountain Observatory 13.7m radio telescope shows no clear evidence of variability on a timescale of six years. Emission from the 44 and 95GHz transitions shows strong correlations in peak velocity, peak flux density, and integrated flux density, indicating that they are likely cospatial. We found that the peak flux density ratio S_pk,95_/S_pk,44_ decreases as the 44GHz peak flux density increases. We found that some class I methanol masers in our sample might be associated with infrared dark clouds, while others are associated with HII regions, indicating that some sources occur at an early stage of high-mass star formation, while others are located toward more evolved sources.
10. A new 95GHz methanol maser catalog. I.
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/231/20
Title:
A new 95GHz methanol maser catalog. I.
Short Name:
J/ApJS/231/20
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
The Purple Mountain Observatory 13.7m radio telescope has been used to search for 95GHz (8_0_-7_1_A^+^) class I methanol masers toward 1020 Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) sources, leading to 213 detections. We have compared the line width of the methanol and HCO^+^ thermal emission in all of the methanol detections, and on that basis, we find that 205 of the 213 detections are very likely to be masers. This corresponds to an overall detection rate of 95 GHz methanol masers toward our BGPS sample of 20%. Of the 205 detected masers, 144 (70%) are new discoveries. Combining our results with those of previous 95GHz methanol maser searches, a total of 481 95GHz methanol masers are now known. We have compiled a catalog listing the locations and properties of all known 95GHz methanol masers.

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