- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/645/A142
- Title:
- SDC G335.579-0.292 ALMA images and datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/645/A142
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The infrared dark cloud (IRDC) SDC335.579-0.292 (hereafter, SDC335) is a massive (~5000 solar masses) star-forming cloud which has been found to be globally collapsing towards one of the most massive star forming cores in the Galaxy, which is located at its centre. SDC335 is known to host three high-mass protostellar objects at early stages of their evolution and archival ALMA Cycle 0 data (at ~5 arcsecond resolution) indicate the presence of at least one molecular outflow in the region detected in HNC. Observations of molecular outflows from massive protostellar objects allow us to estimate the accretion rates of the protostars as well as to assess the disruptive impact that stars have on their natal clouds during their formation. The aim of this work is to identify and analyse the properties of the protostellar-driven molecular outflows within SDC335 and use these outflows to help refine the properties of the young massive protostars in this cloud. We imaged the molecular outflows in SDC335 using new data from the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) of SiO and Class I CH_3_OH maser emission (at a resolution of ~3 arcsecond) alongside} observations of four CO transitions made with the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) and archival Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) CO, 13CO (~1 arcsecond), and HNC data. We introduced a generalised argument to constrain outflow inclination angles based on observed outflow properties. We then used the properties of each outflow to infer the accretion rates on the protostellar sources driving them. These accretion properties allowed us to deduce the evolutionary characteristics of the sources. Shock-tracing SiO emission and CH_3_OH Class I maser emission allowed us to locate regions of interaction between the outflows and material infalling to the central region via the filamentary arms of SDC335.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/651/A25
- Title:
- 4 short-period comets spectra
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/651/A25
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of millimetre-wave spectroscopic observations and spectral surveys of the following short-period comets: 21P/Giacobini-Zinner in September 2018, 41P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresak in April 2017, 64P/Swift-Gehrels and 38P/Stephan-Oterma in December 2018, carried out with the IRAM 30-m radio telescope at wavelengths between 1 and 3~mm. Comet 21P was also observed in November 1998 with the IRAM 30-m, JCMT and CSO radio telescopes at wavelengths from 0.8 to 3~mm. The abundances of the following molecules have been determined in those comets: HCN, CH_3_OH, CS, H_2_CO, CH_3_CN and H_2_S in comet 21P, HCN and CH_3_OH in 41P, HCN, CH_3_OH and CS in 64P, and CH_3_OH in 38P. The three last comets, classified as carbon-chain typical from visible spectro-photometry, are relatively rich in methanol (3.5 to 5% relative to water). On the other hand, comet 21P, classified as carbon-chain depleted, shows abundances relative to water which are low for methanol (1.7%), very low for H2S (0.1%) and also relatively low for H2CO (0.16%) and CO (<2.5%). Observations of comet 21P do not show any change in activity and composition between the 1998 and 2018 perihelions. Sensitive upper limits on the abundances of other molecules such as CO, HNCO, HNC or SO are also reported for these comets.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/640/A74
- Title:
- SOLIS. VIII. L1157-B1 spectra
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/640/A74
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Contrary to what is expected from models of Galactic chemical evolution (GCE), the isotopic fractionation of silicon (Si) in the Galaxy has been recently found to be constant. This finding calls for new observations, also at cores scales, to re-evaluate the fractionation of Si. L1157-B1 is one of the outflow shocked regions along the blue-shifted outflow driven by the Class 0 protostar L1157-mm, and is an ideal laboratory to study the material ejected from the grains in very short timescales, i.e. its chemical composition is representative of the composition of the grains. We imaged ^28^SiO, ^29^SiO and ^30^SiO J = 2-1 emission towards L1157-B1 and B0 with the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) interferometer as part of the Seeds of Life in Space (SOLIS) large project. We present here a study of the isotopic fractionation of SiO towards L1157-B1. Furthermore, we use the high spectral resolution observations on the main isotopologue, ^28^SiO, to study the jet impact on the dense gas. We present here also single-dish observations obtained with the IRAM 30m telescope and Herschel-HIFI. We carried out a non-LTE analysis using a Large Velocity Gradient (LVG) code to model the single-dish observations. From our observations we can show that (i) the (2-1) transition of the main isotopologue is optically thick in L1157-B1 even at high velocities, and (ii) the [^29^SiO/^30^SiO] ratio is constant across the source, and consistent with the solar value of 1.5. We report the first isotopic fractionation maps of SiO in a shocked region and show the absence of a mass dependent fractionation in ^29^Si and ^30^Si across L1157-B1. A high-velocity bullet in ^28^SiO has been identified, showing the signature of a jet impacting on the dense gas. With the dataset presented in this paper, both interferometric and single-dish, we were able to study in great detail the gas shocked at the B1a position and its surrounding gas.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/897/176
- Title:
- 19 species in 14 super stars clusters in NGC 253
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/897/176
- Date:
- 14 Mar 2022 07:03:40
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present submillimeter spectra of the (proto-)super star cluster (SSC) candidates in the starbursting center of the nearby galaxy NGC 253 identified by Leroy et al. The 2.5pc resolution of our Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array cycle 3 observations approaches the size of the SSCs and allows for the study of physical and chemical properties of the molecular gas in these sources. In the 14 SSC sources and in the frequency ranges 342.0-345.8GHz and 353.9-357.7GHz, we detect 55 lines belonging to 19 different chemical species. The SSCs differ significantly in chemical complexity, with the richest clusters showing 19 species and the least complex showing four species. We detect HCN isotopologues and isomers (H13CN, HC15N, H15NC), abundant HC3N, SO and S18O, SO2, and H2CS. The gas ratios CO/HCN, CO/HCO+ are low, ~1-10, implying high dense gas fractions in the SSCs. Line ratio analyses suggests chemistry consistent with photon-dominated regions and mechanical heating. None of the SSCs near the galaxy center show line ratios that imply an X-ray-dominated region, suggesting that heating by any (still unknown) active galactic nucleus does not play a major role. The gas temperatures are high in most sources, with an average rotational temperature of ~130K in SO2. The widespread existence of vibrationally excited HCN and HC3N transitions implies strong infrared radiation fields, potentially trapped by a greenhouse effect due to high continuum opacities.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/193/17
- Title:
- Spectral-line survey of IRC+10216 at 293-355GHz
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/193/17
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report a spectral-line survey of the extreme carbon star IRC+10216 carried out between 293.9 and 354.8GHz with the Submillimeter Array. A total of 442 lines were detected, more than 200 for the first time; 149 are unassigned. Maps at an angular resolution of ~3" were obtained for each line. A substantial new population of narrow lines with an expansion velocity of ~4km/s (i.e., ~30% of the terminal velocity) was detected. Most of these are attributed to rotational transitions within vibrationally excited states, emitted from energy levels above the {nu}=0, J=0 ground state with excitation energy of 1000-3000K. Emission from these lines appears to be centered on the star with an angular extent of <1". We use multiple transitions detected in several molecules to derive physical conditions in this inner envelope of IRC+10216.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/232/3
- Title:
- Spectral line surveys of 30 regions
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/232/3
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Spectral line surveys are an indispensable tool for exploring the physical and chemical evolution of astrophysical environments due to the vast amount of data that can be obtained in a relatively short amount of time. We present deep, broadband spectral line surveys of 30 interstellar clouds using two broadband {lambda}=1.3mm receivers at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. This information can be used to probe the influence of physical environment on molecular complexity. We observed a wide variety of sources to examine the relative abundances of organic molecules as they relate to the physical properties of the source (i.e., temperature, density, dynamics, etc.). The spectra are highly sensitive, with noise levels <=25mK at a velocity resolution of ~0.35km/s. In the initial analysis presented here, column densities and rotational temperatures have been determined for the molecular species that contribute significantly to the spectral line density in this wavelength regime. We present these results and discuss their implications for complex molecule formation in the interstellar medium.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/628/A62
- Title:
- Spectra of 25 carbon star envelopes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/628/A62
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We aim to determine the abundances of CS, SiO, and SiS in a large sample of carbon star envelopes covering a wide range of mass loss rates to investigate the potential role that these molecules could play in the formation of dust in the surroundings of the central AGB star. We surveyed a sample of 25 carbon-rich AGB stars in the {lambda}2mm band, more concretely in the J=3-2 line of CS and SiO and in the J=7-6 and J=8-7 lines of SiS, using the IRAM 30m telescope. We performed excitation and radiative transfer calculations based on the LVG method to model the observed lines of the molecules and to derive their fractional abundances in the observed envelopes. We also assessed the effect of infrared pumping in the excitation of the molecules. We detected CS in all 25 targeted envelopes, SiO in 24 of them, and SiS in 17 sources. Remarkably, SiS is not detected in any envelope with a mass loss rate below 10^-6^M_{sun}_/yr while it is detected in all envelopes with mass loss rates above that threshold. We found that CS and SiS have similar abundances in carbon stars envelopes, while SiO is present with a lower abundance. We also found a strong correlation in which the denser the envelope, the less abundant CS and SiO are. The trend is however only tentatively seen for SiS in the high mass loss rate range. Furthermore, we found a relation in which the integrated flux of the MgS dust feature at 30um increases as the fractional abundance of CS decreases. The decline in the fractional abundance of CS with increasing density could be due to gas phase chemistry in the inner envelope or to adsorption onto dust grains. The latter possibility is favored by a correlation between the CS fractional abundance and the 30um feature, which suggests that CS is efficiently incorporated onto MgS dust around C-rich AGB stars. In the case of SiO, the observed abundance depletion with increasing density is most likely caused by an efficient incorporation onto dust grains. The latter possibility is favored by a correlation between the CS fractional abundance and the 30um feature, which suggests that CS is efficiently incorporated onto MgS dust around C-rich AGB stars. In the case of SiO, the observed abundance depletion with increasing density is most likely caused by an efficient incorporation onto dust grains. We conclude that CS and SiO (very likely) and SiS (tentatively) are good candidates to act as gas-phase precursors of dust in C-rich AGB envelopes.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/629/A128
- Title:
- Spectra of molecular absorbers
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/629/A128
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We use observations of chlorine-bearing species in molecular absorbers at intermediate redshifts to investigate chemical properties and ^35^Cl/^37^Cl isotopic ratios in the absorbing sightlines. Chloronium (H_2_Cl^+^) is detected along three independent lines of sight in the z=0.89 and z=0.68 molecular absorbers located in front of the lensed quasars PKS 1830-211 and B 0218+357, respectively. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) was observed only toward PKS 1830-211, and is found to be-have differently from H_2_Cl^+^. It is detected in one line of sight with an abundance ratio [H_2_Cl+]/[HCl]~1, but remains undetected in the other, more diffuse, line of sight, with a ratio [H_2_Cl^+^]/[HCl]>17. The absorption profiles of these two chlorine-bearing species are compared to other species and discussed in terms of the physical properties of the absorbing gas. Our findings are consistent with the picture emerging from chemical models where different species trace gas with different molecular hydrogen fraction. The ^35^Cl/^37^Cl isotopic ratios are measured in the different lines of sight and are discussed in terms of stellar nucleosynthesis.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/646/A178
- Title:
- Spectra of 2 z>3 hot dust-obscured galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/646/A178
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- In this paper we present the detection of H_2_O and OH+ emission in z>3 hot dust-obscured galaxies (Hot DOGs). Using ALMA Band-6 observations of two Hot DOGs, we have detected H_2_O(2_02_-1_11_) in W0149+2350, and H_2_O(3_12_-3_03_) and the multiplet OH+(1_1-0_1) in W0410-0913. These detections were serendipitous, falling within the side-bands of Band-6 observations aimed to study CO(9-8) in these Hot DOGs. We find that both sources have luminous H_2_O emission with line luminosities of L_H2O_>2.2x10^8^L_{sun}_ and L_H2O_=8.7x10^8^L_{sun}_ for W0149+2350 and W0410-0913, respectively. The H_2_O line profiles are similar to those seen for the neighbouring CO(9-8) line, with linewidths of FWHM~800-1000km/s. However, the H_2_O emission seems to be more compact than the CO(9-8). OH+ is detected in emission for W0410-0913, with a FWHM=1000km/s and a line luminosity of L_OH+_=6.92x10^8^L_{sun}_. The ratio of the observed H_2_O line luminosity over the IR luminosity, for both Hot DOGs, is consistent with previously observed star forming galaxies and AGN. The H_2_O/CO line ratio of both Hot DOGs and the OH+/H_2_O line ratio of W0410-0913 are comparable to those of luminous AGN in the literature. The bright H_2_O(2_02_-1_11_), and H_2_O(3_12_-3_03_) emission lines are likely due to the combined high star formation levels and luminous AGN in these sources. The presence of OH+ in emission, and the agreement of the observed line ratios of the Hot DOGs with luminous AGN in the literature, would suggest that the AGN emission is dominating the radiative output of these galaxies. However, followup multi-transition observations are needed to better constrain the properties of these systems.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/658/A127
- Title:
- Spectroscopy of CD_3_OH
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/658/A127
- Date:
- 20 Mar 2022 08:37:11
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Solar-type protostars have been shown to harbor highly deuterated complex organics as for example witnessed by the high relative abundances of doubly and triply deuterated isotopologs. While this degree of deuteration may provide important clues to the formation of these species, spectroscopic information on multiply deuterated isotopologs is often insufficient. In particular, searches for triply deuterated methanol, CD_3_OH, are hampered to a large extent by the lack of intensity information from a spectroscopic model. The aim of the present study is to develop a spectroscopic model of CD_3_OH in low-lying torsional states sufficiently accurate to facilitate further searches for CD_3_OH in space. We have performed a new measurement campaign for CD_3_OH involving three spectroscopic laboratories which covers the 34GHz-1.1THz and the 20-900cm^-1^ ranges. The analysis was perfomed using the rho-axis-method torsion- rotation Hamiltonian model. We determined a model that describes the ground and first excited torsional states of CD_3_OH up to quantum numbers J<=55 and K<=23, and derived a line list for radio-astronomical observations. The resulting line list is accurate up to at least 1.1THz and should be sufficient for all types of radio-astronomical searches for this methanol isotopolog. This line list was used to search for CD_3_OH in data from the Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey of IRAS 16293-2422 using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. CD_3_OH is securely detected in the data with a large number of clearly separated and well-reproduced lines. We detected not only lines belonging to the ground torsional state, but also several belonging to the first excited torsional state. The derived column density of CD_3_OH and abundance relative to non-deuterated isotopolog confirm the significant enhancement of this multiply deuterated variant. This is in line with other observations of multiply deuterated complex organic molecules and may serve as an important constraint on models for their formation.
