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Start Over Subject protostars Content Level Research Validation Level 2
1. Abundances of HDE 341617
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/368/250
Title:
Abundances of HDE 341617
Short Name:
J/A+A/368/250
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
Detailed atmospheric abundances have been calculated for a sample of A-G supergiant stars with IR fluxes and/or high galactic latitudes. HD 172481 and HD 158616 show clear indications of being post-AGB stars that have experienced third dredge-up. HD 158616 is carbon-rich while the abundance pattern of HD 172481 and its large Li enhancement gives support to the hot bottom burning scenario that explains paucity of carbon-rich stars among AGB stars. HD 172324 is very likely a hot post-AGB star that shows a strong carbon deficiency. HD 725, HD 218753 and HD 331319 also appear to be evolved objects between the red giant and the AGB. HD 9167, HD 173638 with a few exceptions, reflect solar abundances and no signs of post red giant evolution. They are most likely young massive disk supergiants. Further analysis of proto-Planetary Nebula HDE 341617 reveals that He lines show signs of velocity stratification. The emission lines have weakened considerably since 1993. The envelope expands at 19km/s relative to the star. Atmospheric abundances, evolutionary tracks and isochrones are used to estimate masses and ages of all stars in the sample.
2. A faint companion around CrA-9
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/502/6117
Title:
A faint companion around CrA-9
Short Name:
J/MNRAS/502/6117
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
Understanding how giant planets form requires observational input from directly imaged protoplanets. We used VLT/NACO and VLT/SPHERE to search for companions in the transition disc of 2MASS J19005804-3645048 (hereafter CrA-9), an accreting M0.75 dwarf with an estimated age of 1-2Myr. We found a faint point source at ~0.7-arcsec separation from CrA-9 (~108au projected separation). Our 3-epoch astrometry rejects a fixed background star with a 5{sigma} significance. The near-IR absolute magnitudes of the object point towards a planetary-mass companion. However, our analysis of the 1.0-3.8um spectrum extracted for the companion suggests it is a young M5.5 dwarf, based on both the 1.13um Na index and comparison with templates of the Montreal Spectral Library. The observed spectrum is best reproduced with high effective temperature (3057^+119^_-36_K) BT-DUSTY and BT-SETTL models, but the corresponding photometric radius required to match the measured flux is only 0.60^+0.01^_-0.04_ Jovian radius. We discuss possible explanations to reconcile our measurements, including an M-dwarf companion obscured by an edge-on circum-secondary disc or the shock-heated part of the photosphere of an accreting protoplanet. Follow-up observations covering a larger wavelength range and/or at finer spectral resolution are required to discriminate these two scenarios.
3. A grid of 1D low-mass star formation models
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/598/A116
Title:
A grid of 1D low-mass star formation models
Short Name:
J/A+A/598/A116
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
Numerical simulations of star formation are becoming ever more sophisticated, incorporating new physical processes in increasingly realistic set-ups. These models are being compared to the latest observations through state-of-the-art synthetic renderings that trace the different chemical species present in the protostellar systems. The chemical evolution of the interstellar and protostellar matter is very topical, with more and more chemical databases and reaction solvers available online to the community. The current study was developed to provide a database of relatively simple numerical simulations of protostellar collapse as a template library for observations of cores and very young protostars, and for researchers who wish to test their chemical modelling under dynamic astrophysical conditions. It was also designed to identify statistical trends that may appear when running many models of the formation of low-mass stars by varying the initial conditions. A large set of 143 calculations of the gravitational collapse of an isolated sphere of gas with uniform temperature and a Bonnor-Ebert-like density profile was undertaken using a 1D fully implicit Lagrangian radiation hydrodynamics code. The parameter space covered initial masses from 0.2 to 8M_{sun}_, temperatures of 5-30K, and radii 3000-30,000AU. A spread due to differing initial conditions and optical depths, was found in the thermal evolutionary tracks of the runs. Within less than an order of magnitude, all first and second Larson cores had masses and radii essentially independent of the initial conditions. Radial profiles of the gas density, velocity, and temperature were found to vary much more outside of the first core than inside. The time elapsed between the formation of the first and second cores was found to strongly depend on the first core mass accretion rate, and no first core in our grid of models lived for longer than 2000 years before the onset of the second collapse. The end product of a protostellar cloud collapse, the second Larson core, is at birth a canonical object with a mass and radius of about 3M_jup_ and 8R_jup_, independent of its initial conditions. The evolution sequence which brings the gas to stellar densities can, however, proceed in a variety of scenarios, on different timescales or along different isentropes, but each story line can largely be predicted by the initial conditions.
4. AKARI Far-Infrared Surveyor YSO catalog
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/II/327
Title:
AKARI Far-Infrared Surveyor YSO catalog
Short Name:
II/327
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We demonstrate the use of the AKARI all-sky survey photometric data in the study of galactic star formation. Our aim was to select young stellar objects (YSOs) in the AKARI Far-Infrared Surveyor (FIS) Bright Source Catalogue. We used AKARI/FIS and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) data to derive mid- and far-infrared colors of YSOs. Classification schemes based on quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) have been given for YSOs and the training catalog for QDA was the whole-sky selection of previously known YSOs (i.e., listed in the SIMBAD database). A new catalog of AKARI FIS YSO candidates including 44001 sources has been prepared; the reliability of the classification is over 90%, as tested in comparison to known YSOs. As much as 76% of our YSO candidates are from previously uncatalogued types. The vast majority of these sources are Class I and II types according to the Lada classification. The distribution of AKARI FIS YSOs is well correlated with that of the galactic ISM; local over-densities were found on infrared loops and towards the cold clumps detected by Planck.
5. ALMA continuum images of TW Hya
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/648/A33
Title:
ALMA continuum images of TW Hya
Short Name:
J/A+A/648/A33
Date:
08 Feb 2022 14:06:34
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
A key piece of information to understand the origin and role of protoplanetary disk substructures is their dust content. In particular, disk substructures associated with gas pressure bumps can work as dust traps, accumulating grains and reaching the necessary conditions to trigger the streaming instability. In order to shed some light on the origin and role that disk substructures play in planet formation, we aim to characterize the dust content of substructures in the disk of TW Hya. We present Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations of TW Hya at 3.1mm with ~50 milliarcsecond resolution. These new data were combined with archival high angular resolution ALMA observations at 0.87mm, 1.3mm, and 2.1mm. We analyze these multiwavelength data to infer a disk radial profile of the dust surface density, maximum particle size, and slope of the particle size distribution. Most previously known annular substructures in the disk of TW Hya are resolved at the four wavelengths. Inside the inner 3au cavity, the 2.1mm and 3.1mm images show a compact source of free-free emission, likely associated with an ionized jet. Our multiwavelength analysis of the dust emission shows that the maximum particle size in the disk of TW Hya is >1mm. The inner 20au are completely optically thick at all four bands, which results in the data tracing different disk heights at different wavelengths. Coupled with the effects of dust settling, this prevents the derivation of accurate density and grain size estimates in these regions. At r>20au, we find evidence of the accumulation of large dust particles at the position of the bright rings, indicating that these are working as dust traps. The total dust mass in the disk is between 250 and 330M_{sun}_, which represents a gas-to-dust mass ratio between 50 and 70. Our mass measurement is a factor of 4.5-5.9 higher than the mass that one would estimate using the typical assumptions of large demographic surveys. Our results indicate that the ring substructures in TW Hya are ideal locations to trigger the streaming instability and form new generations of planetesimals.
6. Catalog of Star-Forming Regions in the Galaxy
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/V/112A
Title:
Catalog of Star-Forming Regions in the Galaxy
Short Name:
V/112A
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
This Catalog of Star-Forming Regions in the Galaxy contains coordinates and fluxes of young objects in the radio and infrared, as well as data on the radial velocities of recombination and molecular lines, for more than three thousand star-forming regions. In addition to photometric and kinematic data, we present information on diffuse and reflecting nebulae, dark and molecular clouds, and other objects related to young stars. The catalog consists of two parts. The main catalog lists star-forming regions in order of Galactic longitude and is supplemented by analogous information for star-forming regions in complexes of dark clouds with large angular sizes that are closest to the Sun. In our preliminary study of the catalog data using a formal classification of the star-forming regions, we subdivided these objects into several classes and characterized them as being populated primarily by massive or low-mass stars at early or late stages of the star-formation process. We also distinguish between relatively nearby and distant complexes.
7. Chamaeleon III 870um sources maps
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/535/A2
Title:
Chamaeleon III 870um sources maps
Short Name:
J/A+A/535/A2
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
The nearby Chamaeleon molecular cloud complex is a good laboratory for studying the process of low-mass star formation because it consists of three clouds with very different properties. Chamaeleon III does not show any sign of star formation, while star formation has been very active in Chamaeleon I and may already be finishing. Our goal is to determine whether star formation can proceed in Cha III by searching for prestellar cores, and to compare the results to our recent survey of Cha I.
8. Cha-MMS1 CO 3-2 and ^13^CO 3-2 datacubes
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/633/A126
Title:
Cha-MMS1 CO 3-2 and ^13^CO 3-2 datacubes
Short Name:
J/A+A/633/A126
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
On the basis of its low luminosity, its chemical composition, and the absence of a large-scale outflow, the dense core Cha-MMS1 located in the Chamaeleon I molecular cloud was proposed as a first hydrostatic core (FHSC) candidate a decade ago. Our goal is to test this hypothesis by searching for a slow, compact outflow driven by Cha-MMS1 that would match the predictions of MHD simulations for this short phase of star formation. We use the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to map Cha-MMS1 at high angular resolution in CO 3-2 and ^13^CO 3-2 as well as in continuum emission. We report the detection of a bipolar outflow emanating from the central core, along a (projected) direction roughly parallel to the filament in which Cha-MMS1 is embedded and perpendicular to the large-scale magnetic field. The morphology of the outflow indicates that its axis lies close to the plane of the sky. We measure velocities corrected for inclination of more than 90km/s which is clearly incompatible with the expected properties of a FHSC outflow. Several properties of the outflow are determined and compared to previous studies of Class 0 and Class I protostars. The outflow of Cha-MMS1 has a much smaller momentum force than the outflows of other Class0 protostars. In addition, we find a dynamical age of 200-3000yr indicating that Cha-MMS1 might be one of the youngest ever observed Class 0 protostars. While the existence of the outflow suggests the presence of a disk, no disk is detected in continuum emission and we derive an upper limit of 55au to its radius. We conclude that Cha-MMS1 has already gone through the FHSC phase and is a young Class 0 protostar, but it has not brought its outflow to full power yet.
9. CO and HC3N maps of IRAS 20050+2720
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/481/93
Title:
CO and HC3N maps of IRAS 20050+2720
Short Name:
J/A+A/481/93
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
This is the third in a series of papers devoted to studying intermediate- mass molecular outflows and their powering sources in detail and with high -angular resolution. This paper studies the intermediate-mass YSO IRAS 20050+2720 and its molecular outflow and puts the results of this and the previous studied sources in the context of intermediate-mass star formation. We carried out VLA observations of the 7mm continuum emission and OVRO observations of the 2.7mm continuum emission, CO (1-0), C18O (1-0) and HC3N (12-11) to map the core towards IRAS 20050+2720. The high-angular resolution of the observations allowed us to derive the properties of the dust emission, the molecular outflow, and the dense protostellar envelope. By adding this source to the sample of intermediate-mass protostars with outflows, we compared their properties and evolution with those of lower mass counterparts. The 2.7mm continuum emission has been resolved into three sources, labeled OVRO 1, OVRO 2, and OVRO 3. Two of them, OVRO 1 and OVRO 2, have also been detected at 7mm. OVRO 3, which is located close to the C18O emission peak, could be associated with IRAs 20050+2720. The mass of the sources, estimated from the dust continuum emission, is 6.5M_{sun}_ for OVRO 1, 1.8M_{sun}_ for OVRO 2, and 1.3M_{sun}_ for OVRO 3. The CO (1-0) emission traces two bipolar outflows within the OVRO field of view, a roughly east-west bipolar outflow, labeled A, driven by the intermediate-mass source OVRO 1, and a northeast-southwest bipolar outflow, labeled B, probably powered by a YSO engulfed in the circumstellar envelope surrounding OVRO 1. The multiplicity of sources observed towards IRAS 20050+2720 appears to be typical of intermediate-mass protostars, which form in dense clustered environments. In some cases, as for example IRAS 20050+2720, intermediate- mass protostars would start forming after a first generation of low-mass stars has completed their main accretion phase. The properties of intermediate-mass protostars and their outflows are not significantly different from those of low-mass stars. Although intermediate-mass outflows are intrinsically more energetic than those driven by low-mass YSOs, they do not show intrinsically more complex morphologies when observed at high angular resolution. Known intermediate-mass protostars do not form a homogeneous group. Some objects are likely in an earlier evolutionary stage as suggested by the infrared emission and the outflow properties.
10. Complex organic mol. in low-mass protostars
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/639/A87
Title:
Complex organic mol. in low-mass protostars
Short Name:
J/A+A/639/A87
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
Complex organic molecules (COMs) are thought to form on icy dust grains in the earliest phase of star formation. The evolution of these COMs from the youngest Class 0/I protostellar phases toward the more evolved Class II phase is still not fully understood. Since planet formation seems to start early, and mature disks are too cold for characteristic COM emission lines, studying the inventory of COMs on Solar- System scales in the Class 0/I stage is relevant. Our aim is to determine the abundance ratios of oxygen-bearing COMs in Class 0 protostellar systems on scales of ~100AU radius. We aim to compare these abundances with one another, and to the abundances of other low-mass protostars such as IRAS16293-2422B and HH 212. Additionally, using both cold and hot COM lines, the gas-phase abundances can be tracked from a cold to a hot component, and ultimately be compared with those in ices to be measured with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The abundance of deuterated methanol allows us to probe the ambient temperature during the formation of this species. ALMA Band 3 (3mm) and Band 6 (1mm) observations are obtained for seven Class 0 protostars in the Perseus and Serpens star-forming regions. By modeling the inner protostellar region using local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) models, the excitation temperature and column densities are determined for several O-bearing COMs including methanol (CH_3_OH), acetaldehyde (CH_3_CHO), methyl formate (CH_3_OCHO), and dimethyl ether (CH_3_OCH_3_). Abundance ratios are taken with respect to CH_3_OH. Three out of the seven of the observed sources, B1-c, B1-bS (both Perseus), and Serpens S68N (Serpens), show COM emission. No clear correlation seems to exist between the occurrence of COMs and source luminosity. The abundances of several COMs such as CH_3_OCHO, CH_3_OCH_3_, acetone (CH_3_COCH_3_), and ethylene glycol ((CH_2_OH)2) are remarkably similar for the three COM-rich sources; this similarity also extends to IRAS 16238-2422B and HH 212, even though collectively these sources originate from four different star-forming regions (i.e., Perseus, Serpens, Ophiuchus, and Orion). For other COMs like CH_3_CHO, ethanol (CH_3_CH_2_OH), and glycolaldehyde (CH_2_OHCHO), the abundances differ by up to an order of magnitude, indicating that local source conditions become important. B1-c hosts a cold (Tex=60K), more extended component of COM emission with a column density of typically a few percent of the warm/hot (Tex=200K) central component. A D/H ratio of 1-3% is derived for B1-c, S68N, and B1-bS based on the CH_2_DOH/CH_3_OH ratio (taking into account statistical weighting) suggesting a temperature of ~15K during the formation of methanol. This ratio is consistent with other low-mass protostars, but is lower than for high-mass star-forming regions. The abundance ratios of most O-bearing COMs are roughly fixed between different star-forming regions, and are presumably set at an earlier cold prestellar phase. For several COMs, local source properties become important. Future mid-infrared facilities such as JWST/MIRI will be essential for the direct observation of COM ices. Combining this with a larger sample of COM-rich sources with ALMA will allow ice and gas-phase abundances to be directly linked in order to constrain the routes that produce and maintain chemical complexity during the star formation process.