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21. Component structure in the neightborhood of IC 443
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/897/83
Title:
Component structure in the neightborhood of IC 443
Short Name:
J/ApJ/897/83
Date:
11 Mar 2022
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We present the results of a detailed investigation into the physical conditions in interstellar material interacting with the supernova remnant (SNR) IC443. Our analysis is based on a comprehensive examination of high-resolution far-ultraviolet spectra obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph onboard the Hubble Space Telescope of two stars behind IC443. One of our targets (HD43582) probes gas along the entire line of sight through the SNR, while the other (HD254755) samples material located ahead of the primary supernova shock front. We identify low-velocity quiescent gas in both directions and find that the densities and temperatures in these components are typical of diffuse atomic and molecular clouds. Numerous high- velocity components are observed in the absorption profiles of neutral and singly ionized atomic species toward HD43582. These components exhibit a combination of greatly enhanced thermal pressures and significantly reduced dust-grain depletions. We interpret this material as cooling gas in a recombination zone far downstream from shocks driven into neutral gas clumps. The pressures derived for a group of ionized gas components at high positive velocity toward HD43582 are lower than those of the other shocked components, pointing to pressure inhomogeneities across the remnant. A strong, very high velocity component near -620km/s is seen in the absorption profiles of highly ionized species toward HD43582. The velocity of this material is consistent with the range of shock velocities implied by observations of soft thermal X-ray emission from IC443. Moderately high velocity gas toward HD254755 may represent shocked material from a separate foreground SNR.
22. CO observations of the IC443 SNR
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/644/A64
Title:
CO observations of the IC443 SNR
Short Name:
J/A+A/644/A64
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
Supernova remnants (SNRs) represent a major feedback source from stars in the interstellar medium of galaxies. During the latest stage of supernova explosions, shock waves produced by the initial blast modify the chemistry of gas and dust, inject kinetic energy into the surroundings, and may alter star formation characteristics. Simultaneously, gamma-ray emission is generated by the interaction between the ambient medium and cosmic rays (CRs), including those accelerated in the early stages of the explosion. We study the stellar and interstellar contents of IC443, an evolved shell-type SNR at a distance of 1.9kpc with an estimated age of 30kyr. We aim to measure the mass of the gas and characterize the nature of infrared point sources within the extended G region, which corresponds to the peak of gamma-ray emission detected by VERITAS and Fermi. We performed 10'x10' mapped observations of ^12^CO, ^13^CO J=1-0, J=2-1, and J=3-2 pure rotational lines, as well as C^18^O J=1-0 and J=2-1 obtained with the IRAM 30m and APEX telescopes over the extent of the gamma-ray peak to reveal the molecular structure of the region. We first compared our data with local thermodynamic equilibrium models. We estimated the optical depth of each line from the emission of the isotopologs ^13^CO and C^18^O. We used the population diagram and large velocity gradient assumption to measure the column density, mass, and kinetic temperature of the gas using ^12^CO and ^13^CO lines. We used complementary data (stars, gas, and dust at multiple wavelengths) and infrared point source catalogs to search for protostar candidates. Our observations reveal four molecular structures: a shocked molecular clump associated with emission lines extending between -31 and 16km/s, a quiescent, dark cloudlet associated with a line width of ~2km/s, a narrow ring-like structure associated with a line width of ~1.5km/s, and a shocked knot. We measured a total mass of ~230, ~90, ~210, and ~4M_{sun}_, respectively, for the cloudlet, ring-like structure, shocked clump, and shocked knot. We measured a mass of ~1100M_{sun}_ throughout the rest of the field of observations where an ambient cloud is detected. We found 144 protostar candidates in the region. Our results emphasize how the mass associated with the ring-like structure and the cloudlet cannot be overlooked when quantifying the interaction of CRs with the dense local medium. Additionally, the presence of numerous possible protostars in the region might represent a fresh source of CRs, which must also be taken into account in the interpretation of gamma-ray observations in this region.
23. CO observations towards W44E and W44F with APEX
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/569/A81
Title:
CO observations towards W44E and W44F with APEX
Short Name:
J/A+A/569/A81
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
When supernova blast waves interact with nearby molecular clouds, they send slower shocks into these clouds. The resulting interaction regions provide excellent environments for the use of MHD shock models to constrain the physical and chemical conditions in these regions. The interaction of supernova remnants (SNRs) with molecular clouds gives rise to strong molecular emission in the far-IR and sub-mm wavelength regimes. The application of MHD shock models in the interpretation of this line emission can yield valuable information on the energetic and chemical impact of supernova remnants. New mapping observations with the APEX telescope in ^12^CO (3-2), (4-3), (6-5), (7-6) and ^13^CO (3-2) towards two regions in the supernova remnant W44 are presented. Integrated intensities are extracted on five different positions, corresponding to local maxima of CO emission. The integrated intensities are compared to the outputs of a grid of models, which combine an MHD shock code with a radiative transfer module based on the 'large velocity gradient' approximation. Results: All extracted spectra show ambient and line-of-sight components as well as blue- and red-shifted wings indicating the presence of shocked gas. Basing the shock model fits only on the highest-lying transitions that unambiguously trace the shock-heated gas, we find that the observed CO line emission is compatible with non-stationary shocks and a pre-shock density of 10^4^cm^-3^. The ages of the modelled shocks scatter between values of ~1000 and ~3000 years. The shock velocities in W44F are found to lie between 20 and 25km/s, while in W44E fast shocks (30-35km/s) as well as slower shocks (~20km/s) are compatible with the observed spectral line energy diagrams. The pre-shock magnetic field strength components perpendicular to the line-of-sight in both regions have values between 100 and 200uG. Our best-fitting models allow us to predict the full ladder of CO transitions, the shocked gas mass in one beam as well as the momentum- and energy injection.
24. Deep MERLIN 5GHz radio sources in M82
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/391/1384
Title:
Deep MERLIN 5GHz radio sources in M82
Short Name:
J/MNRAS/391/1384
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
The results of an extremely deep, 8-d long observation of the central kpc of the nearby starburst galaxy M82 using Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) at 5GHz are presented. The 17{mu}Jy/beam rms noise level in the naturally weighted image makes it the most sensitive high-resolution radio image of M82 made to date. Over 50 discrete sources are detected, the majority of which are supernova remnants, but with 13 identified as H ii regions. Sizes, flux densities and radio brightnesses are given for all of the detected sources, which are all well resolved with a majority showing shell or partial shell structures. Those sources within the sample which are supernova remnants have diameters ranging from 0.3 to 6.7pc, with a mean size of 2.9pc.
25. Extended sources in SCORPIO at 2.1GHz
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/490/5063
Title:
Extended sources in SCORPIO at 2.1GHz
Short Name:
J/MNRAS/490/5063
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We present a catalogue of a large sample of extended radio sources in the Stellar Continuum Originating from Radio Physics In Ourgalaxy (SCORPIO) field, observed and resolved by the Australia Telescope Compact Array. SCORPIO, a pathfinder project for addressing the early operations of the Australia SKA Pathfinder, is a survey of ~5 square degrees between 1.4 and 3.1GHz, centred at l=343.5{deg}, b=0.75{deg}, and with an angular resolution of about 10 arcsec. It is aimed at understanding the scientific and technical challenges to be faced by future Galactic surveys. With a mean sensitivity around 100uJy/beam and the possibility to recover angular scales at least up to 4 arcmin, we extracted 99 extended sources, 35 of them detected for the first time. Among the 64 known sources 55 had at least a tentative classification in literature. Studying the radio morphology and comparing the radio emission with infrared we propose as candidates six new HII regions, two new planetary nebulae, two new luminous blue variable or Wolf-Rayet stars, and three new supernova remnants. This study provides an overview of the potentiality of future radio surveys in terms of Galactic source extraction and characterization and a discussion on the difficulty to reduce and analyse interferometric data on the Galactic plane.
26. 2FGL sources observed between 5-9GHz
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/217/4
Title:
2FGL sources observed between 5-9GHz
Short Name:
J/ApJS/217/4
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We present the results of an all-sky radio survey between 5 and 9GHz of sky areas surrounding all unassociated {gamma}-ray objects listed in the Fermi Large Area Telescope Second Source Catalog (2FGL). The goal of these observations is to find all new {gamma}-ray active galactic nucleus (AGN) associations with radio sources >10mJy at 8GHz. We observed with the Very Large Array and the Australia Telescope Compact Array the areas around unassociated sources, providing localizations of weak radio point sources found in 2FGL fields at arcmin scales. Then we followed-up a subset of those with the Very Long Baseline and the Long Baseline Arrays to confirm detections of radio emission on parsec-scales. We quantified association probabilities based on known statistics of source counts and assuming a uniform distribution of background sources. In total we found 865 radio sources at arcsec scales as candidates for association and detected 95 of 170 selected for follow-up observations at milliarcsecond resolution. Based on this we obtained firm associations for 76 previously unknown {gamma}-ray AGNs. Comparison of these new AGN associations with the predictions from using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer color-color diagram shows that half of the associations are missed. We found that 129 out of 588 observed {gamma}-ray sources at arcmin scales not a single radio continuum source was detected above our sensitivity limit within the 3{sigma} {gamma}-ray localization. These "empty" fields were found to be particularly concentrated at low Galactic latitudes. The nature of these Galactic {gamma}-ray emitters is not yet determined.
27. G203.7+11.5 21cm and 11cm intensity maps
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/641/A121
Title:
G203.7+11.5 21cm and 11cm intensity maps
Short Name:
J/A+A/641/A121
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
In soft X-rays, the Monogem ring is an object with a diameter of 25{deg} located in the Galactic anti-centre. It is believed to be a faint, evolved, local supernova remnant. It is not seen at radio wavelengths, as other large supernova remnants are. We study a narrow about 4.5D long, faint Halpha-filament, G203.7+11.5, that is seen towards the centre of the Monogem ring. It causes depolarisation and excessive Faraday rotation of radio polarisation data. Polarisation observations at 11cm and 21cm with the Effelsberg 100-m telescope were analysed.
28. GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey. II. SNR.
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/651/A86
Title:
GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey. II. SNR.
Short Name:
J/A+A/651/A86
Date:
17 Jan 2022 00:20:41
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
The properties of the population of Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs) are essential to our understanding of the dynamics of the interstellar medium (ISM) in the Milky Way. However, the completeness of the catalog of Galactic SNRs is expected to be only ~30%, with on order 700 SNRs yet to be detected. Deep interferometric radio continuum surveys of the Galactic plane help in rectifying this apparent deficiency by identifying low surface brightness SNRs and compact SNRs that have not been detected in previous surveys. However, SNRs are routinely confused with HII regions, which can have similar radio morphologies. Radio spectral index, polarization, and emission at mid-infrared (MIR) wavelengths can help distinguish between SNRs and HII regions. We aim to identify SNR candidates using continuum images from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array GLObal view of the STAR formation in the Milky Way (GLOSTAR) survey. GLOSTAR is a C-band (4-8GHz) radio wavelength survey of the Galactic plane covering 358{deg}>=l<=60{deg}, |b|<=1{deg}. The continuum images from this survey, which resulted from observations with the most compact configuration of the array, have an angular resolution of 18''. We searched for SNRs in these images to identify known SNRs, previously identified SNR candidates, and new SNR candidates. We study these objects in MIR surveys and the GLOSTAR polarization data to classify their emission as thermal or nonthermal. We identify 157 SNR candidates, of which 80 are new. Polarization measurements provide evidence of nonthermal emission from 9 of these candidates. We find that two previously identified candidates are filaments. We also detect emission from 91 of the 94 known SNRs in the survey region. Four of these are reclassified as HII regions following detection in MIR surveys. The better sensitivity and resolution of the GLOSTAR data have led to the identification of 157 SNR candidates, along with the reclassification of several misidentified objects. We show that the polarization measurements can identify nonthermal emission, despite the diffuse Galactic synchrotron emission. These results underscore the importance of higher resolution and higher sensitivity radio continuum data in identifying and confirming SNRs.
29. GMOS spectroscopic obs. of SNR candidates in M83
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/839/83
Title:
GMOS spectroscopic obs. of SNR candidates in M83
Short Name:
J/ApJ/839/83
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We report the results from a spectrophotometric study sampling the 300 candidate supernova remnants (SNRs) in M83 identified through optical imaging with Magellan/IMACS and Hubble Space Telescope/WFC3. Of the 118 candidates identified based on a high [SII]{lambda}{lambda}6716,6731 to H{alpha} emission ratio, 117 show spectroscopic signatures of shock-heated gas, confirming them as SNRs-the largest uniform set of SNR spectra for any galaxy. Spectra of 22 objects with a high [OIII]{lambda}5007 to H{alpha} emission ratio, selected in an attempt to identify young ejecta-dominated SNRs like Cas A, reveal only one (previously reported) object with the broad (1000km/s) emission lines characteristic of ejecta-dominated SNRs, beyond the known SN1957D remnant. The other 20 [OIII]-selected candidates include planetary nebulae, compact HII regions, and one background QSO. Although our spectroscopic sample includes 22 SNRs smaller than 11pc, none of the other objects show broad emission lines; instead their spectra stem from relatively slow (~200km/s) radiative shocks propagating into the metal-rich interstellar medium of M83. With six SNe in the past century, one might expect more of M83's small-diameter SNRs to show evidence of ejecta; this appears not to be the case. We attribute their absence to several factors, including that SNRs expanding into a dense medium evolve quickly to the ISM-dominated phase, and that SNRs expanding into regions already evacuated by earlier SNe are probably very faint.
30. HESS Galactic supernova remnants
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/612/A3
Title:
HESS Galactic supernova remnants
Short Name:
J/A+A/612/A3
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
Shell-type supernova remnants (SNRs) are considered prime candidates for the acceleration of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) up to the knee of the CR spectrum at E~=3x10^15^eV. Our Milky Way galaxy hosts more than 350 SNRs discovered at radio wavelengths and at high energies, of which 220 fall into the H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey (HGPS) region. Of those, only 50 SNRs are coincident with a H.E.S.S source and in 8 cases the very high-energy (VHE) emission is firmly identified as an SNR. The H.E.S.S. GPS provides us with a legacy for SNR population study in VHE {gamma}-rays and we use this rich data set to extract VHE flux upper limits from all undetected SNRs. Overall, the derived flux upper limits are not in contradiction with the canonical CR paradigm. Assuming this paradigm holds true, we can constrain typical ambient density values around shell-type SNRs to n<=7cm^-3^ and electron-to-proton energy fractions above 10TeV to {epsilon}_ep_<=5x10^-3^. Furthermore, comparisons of VHE with radio luminosities in non-interacting SNRs reveal a behaviour that is in agreement with the theory of magnetic field amplification at shell-type SNRs.

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