- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/771/107
- Title:
- Spectroscopy of faint KOI stars
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/771/107
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Stellar properties are measured for a large set of Kepler mission exoplanet candidate host stars. Most of these stars are fainter than 14th magnitude, in contrast to other spectroscopic follow-up studies. This sample includes many high-priority Earth-sized candidate planets. A set of model spectra are fitted to R~3000 optical spectra of 268 stars to improve estimates of T_eff_, log(g), and [Fe/H] for the dwarfs in the range 4750<=T_eff_<=7200K. These stellar properties are used to find new stellar radii and, in turn, new radius estimates for the candidate planets. The result of improved stellar characteristics is a more accurate representation of this Kepler exoplanet sample and identification of promising candidates for more detailed study. This stellar sample, particularly among stars with T_eff_>~5200K, includes a greater number of relatively evolved stars with larger radii than assumed by the mission on the basis of multi-color broadband photometry. About 26% of the modeled stars require radii to be revised upward by a factor of 1.35 or greater, and modeling of 87% of the stars suggest some increase in radius. The sample presented here also exhibits a change in the incidence of planets larger than 3-4R_{Earth}_ as a function of metallicity. Once [Fe/H] increases to >=-0.05, large planets suddenly appear in the sample while smaller planets are found orbiting stars with a wider range of metallicity.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/141/11
- Title:
- Spitzer observations of planet-host stars
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/141/11
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Since giant planets scatter planetesimals within a few tidal radii of their orbits, the locations of existing planetesimal belts indicate regions where giant planet formation failed in bygone protostellar disks. Infrared observations of circumstellar dust produced by colliding planetesimals are therefore powerful probes of the formation histories of known planets. Here we present new Spitzer infrared spectrograph (IRS) spectrophotometry of 111 solar-type stars, including 105 planet hosts. Our observations reveal 11 debris disks, including two previously undetected debris disks orbiting HD 108874 and HD 130322. Combining the 32um spectrophotometry with previously published MIPS photometry, we find that the majority of debris disks around solar-type stars have temperatures in the range 60<~T_dust_<~100K. Assuming a dust temperature T_dust_=70K, which is representative of the nine debris disks detected by both IRS and MIPS, debris rings surrounding Sun-like stars orbit between 15 and 240AU depending on the mean particle size. Our observations imply that the planets detected by radial-velocity searches formed within 240AU of their parent stars. If any of the debris disks studied here have mostly large, blackbody emitting grains, their companion giant planets must have formed in a narrow region between the ice line and 15AU.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/601/A117
- Title:
- Spitzer search for 19 planets
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/601/A117
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Short-period super-Earths and Neptunes are now known to be very frequent around solar-type stars. Improving our understanding of these mysterious planets requires the detection of a significant sample of objects suitable for detailed characterization. Searching for the transits of the low-mass planets detected by Doppler surveys is a straightforward way to achieve this goal. Indeed, Doppler surveys target the most nearby main-sequence stars, they regularly detect close-in low-mass planets with significant transit probability, and their radial velocity data constrain strongly the ephemeris of possible transits. In this context, we initiated in 2010 an ambitious Spitzer multi-Cycle transit search project that targeted 25 low-mass planets detected by radial velocity, focusing mainly on the shortest-period planets detected by the HARPS spectrograph. We report here null results for 19 targets of the project. For 16 planets out of 19, a transiting configuration is strongly disfavored or firmly rejected by our data for most planetary compositions.We derive a posterior probability of 83% that none of the probed 19 planets transits (for a prior probability of 22%), which still leaves a significant probability of 17% that at least one of them does transit. Globally, our Spitzer project revealed or confirmed transits for three of its 25 targeted planets, and discarded or disfavored the transiting nature of 20 of them. Our light curves demonstrate for Warm Spitzer excellent photometric precisions: for 14 targets out of 19, we were able to reach standard deviations that were better than 50ppm per 30 min intervals. Combined with its Earth-trailing orbit, which makes it capable of pointing any star in the sky and to monitor it continuously for days, this work confirms Spitzer as an optimal instrument to detect sub-mmag-deep transits on the bright nearby stars targeted by Doppler surveys.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/593/A38
- Title:
- SPOTS II. Planets Orbiting Two Stars
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/593/A38
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- A large number of direct imaging surveys for exoplanets have been performed in recent years, yielding the first directly imaged planets and providing constraints on the prevalence and distribution of wide planetary systems. However, like most of the radial velocity ones, these generally focus on single stars, hence binaries and higher-order multiples have not been studied to the same level of scrutiny. This motivated the Search for Planets Orbiting Two Stars (SPOTS) survey, which is an ongoing direct imaging study of a large sample of close binaries, started with VLT/NACO and now continuing with VLT/SPHERE. To complement this survey, we have identified the close binary targets in 24 published direct imaging surveys. Here we present our statistical analysis of this combined body of data. We analysed a sample of 117 tight binary systems, using a combined Monte Carlo and Bayesian approach to derive the expected values of the frequency of companions, for different values of the companion's semi-major axis. Our analysis suggest that the frequency of sub-stellar companions in wide orbit is moderately low (=>13% with a best value of 6% at 95% confidence level) and not significantly different between single stars and tight binaries. One implication of this result is that the very high frequency of circumbinary planets in wide orbits around post-common envelope binaries, implied by eclipse timing, cannot be uniquely due to planets formed before the common-envelope phase (first generation planets), supporting instead the second generation planet formation or a non-Keplerian origin of the timing variations.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/716/1336
- Title:
- Stability analysis of single-planet
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/716/1336
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We study the dynamical stability of planetary systems consisting of one hypothetical terrestrial-mass planet (1 or 10M_{earth}_) and one massive planet (10M{earth}-10M_jup_). We consider masses and orbits that cover the range of observed planetary system architectures (including non-zero initial eccentricities), determine the stability limit through N-body simulations, and compare it to the analytic Hill stability boundary. We show that for given masses and orbits of a two-planet system, a single parameter, which can be calculated analytically, describes the Lagrange stability boundary (no ejections or exchanges) but diverges significantly from the Hill stability boundary. However, we do find that the actual boundary is fractal, and therefore we also identify a second parameter which demarcates the transition from stable to unstable evolution. We show the portions of the habitable zones (HZs) of {rho} CrB, HD 164922, GJ 674, and HD 7924 that can support a terrestrial planet. These analyses clarify the stability boundaries in exoplanetary systems and demonstrate that, for most exoplanetary systems, numerical simulations of the stability of potentially habitable planets are only necessary over a narrow region of the parameter space. Finally, we also identify and provide a catalog of known systems that can host terrestrial planets in their HZs.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/535/A55
- Title:
- 4 stars with long-period planets
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/535/A55
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the discovery of four new long-period planets within the HARPS high-precision sample: HD137388b (Msini=0.22M_Jup_), HD204941b (Msini=0.27M_Jup_), HD7199b (Msini=0.29M_Jup_), HD7449b (Msini=1.04M_Jup_). A long-period companion, probably a second planet, is also found orbiting HD7449. Planets around HD137388, HD204941, and HD7199 have rather low eccentricities (less than 0.4) relative to the 0.82 eccentricity of HD7449b. All these planets were discovered even though their hosting stars have clear signs of activity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/825/62
- Title:
- Stars with M_p_sin(i)>0.1M_Jup_ hot Jupiter
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/825/62
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The origin of Jupiter-mass planets with orbital periods of only a few days is still uncertain. It is widely believed that these planets formed near the water-ice line of the protoplanetary disk, and subsequently migrated into much smaller orbits. Most of the proposed migration mechanisms can be classified either as disk-driven migration, or as excitation of a very high eccentricity followed by tidal circularization. In the latter scenario, the giant planet that is destined to become a hot Jupiter spends billions of years on a highly eccentric orbit, with apastron near the water-ice line. Eventually, tidal dissipation at periastron shrinks and circularizes the orbit. If this is correct, then it should be especially rare for hot Jupiters to be accompanied by another giant planet interior to the water-ice line. Using the current sample of giant planets discovered with the Doppler technique, we find that hot Jupiters with P_orb_<10d are no more or less likely to have exterior Jupiter-mass companions than longer-period giant planets with P_orb_>=10d. This result holds for exterior companions both inside and outside of the approximate location of the water-ice line. These results are difficult to reconcile with the high-eccentricity migration scenario for hot Jupiter formation.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/794/159
- Title:
- Statistical analysis of exoplanet surveys
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/794/159
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We conduct a statistical analysis of a combined sample of direct imaging data, totalling nearly 250 stars. The stars cover a wide range of ages and spectral types, and include five detections ({kappa} And b, two ~60 M_J_ brown dwarf companions in the Pleiades, PZ Tel B, and CD-35 2722B). For some analyses we add a currently unpublished set of SEEDS observations, including the detections GJ 504b and GJ 758B. We conduct a uniform, Bayesian analysis of all stellar ages using both membership in a kinematic moving group and activity/rotation age indicators. We then present a new statistical method for computing the likelihood of a substellar distribution function. By performing most of the integrals analytically, we achieve an enormous speedup over brute-force Monte Carlo. We use this method to place upper limits on the maximum semimajor axis of the distribution function derived from radial-velocity planets, finding model-dependent values of ~30-100 AU. Finally, we model the entire substellar sample, from massive brown dwarfs to a theoretically motivated cutoff at ~5 M_J_, with a single power-law distribution. We find that p(M,a){prop.to}M^-0.65+/-0.60^a^-0.85+/-0.39^ (1{sigma} errors) provides an adequate fit to our data, with 1.0%-3.1% (68% confidence) of stars hosting 5-70 M_J_ companions between 10 and 100 AU. This suggests that many of the directly imaged exoplanets known, including most (if not all) of the low-mass companions in our sample, formed by fragmentation in a cloud or disk, and represent the low-mass tail of the brown dwarfs.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/809/25
- Title:
- Stellar and planet properties for K2 candidates
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/809/25
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The extended Kepler mission, K2, is now providing photometry of new fields every three months in a search for transiting planets. In a recent study, Foreman-Mackey and collaborators presented a list of 36 planet candidates orbiting 31 stars in K2 Campaign 1. In this contribution, we present stellar and planetary properties for all systems. We combine ground-based seeing-limited survey data and adaptive optics imaging with an automated transit analysis scheme to validate 21 candidates as planets, 17 for the first time, and identify 6 candidates as likely false positives. Of particular interest is K2-18 (EPIC 201912552), a bright (K=8.9) M2.8 dwarf hosting a 2.23+/-0.25 R_{earth}_ planet with T_eq_=272+/-15 K and an orbital period of 33 days. We also present two new open-source software packages which enable this analysis. The first, isochrones, is a flexible tool for fitting theoretical stellar models to observational data to determine stellar properties using a nested sampling scheme to capture the multimodal nature of the posterior distributions of the physical parameters of stars that may plausibly be evolved. The second is vespa, a new general-purpose procedure to calculate false positive probabilities and statistically validate transiting exoplanets.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/421/2498
- Title:
- Stellar companions of exoplanet host stars
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/421/2498
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- To understand the influence of additional wide stellar companions on planet formation, it is necessary to determine the fraction of multiple stellar systems amongst the known extrasolar planet population. We target recently discovered radial velocity exoplanetary systems observable from the Northern hemisphere and with sufficiently high proper motion to detect stellar companions via direct imaging. We utilize the Calar Alto 2.2-m telescope in combination with its lucky imaging camera AstraLux. 71 planet host stars have been observed so far, yielding one new low-mass (0.239+/-0.022M_{sun}_) stellar companion, 4.5-arcsec (227 au of projected separation) north-east of the planet host star HD 185269, detected via astrometry with AstraLux. We also present follow-up astrometry on three previously discovered stellar companions, showing for the first time common proper motion of the 0.5-arcsec companion to HD 126614. Additionally, we determined the achieved detection limits for all targets, which allow us to characterize the detection space of possible further companions of these stars.
