- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/other/ApSS/361.191
- Title:
- High-mass star forming clumps from MALT90
- Short Name:
- J/other/ApSS/361
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- A total of 197 relatively isolated high-mass star-forming clumps were selected from the Millimeter Astronomy Legacy Team 90GHz (MALT90) survey data and their global chemical evolution investigated using four molecular lines, N_2_H^+^(1-0), HCO^+^(1-0), HCN(1-0), and HNC(1-0). The results suggest that the global averaged integrated intensity ratios I(HCO^+^)/I(HNC), I(HCN)/I(HNC), I(N_2_H^+^)/I(HCO^+^), and I(N_2_H^+^)/ I(HCN) are promising tracers for evolution of high-mass star-forming clumps. The global averaged column densities and abundances of N_2_H^+^, HCO^+^, HCN, and HNC increase as clumps evolve. The global averaged abundance ratios X(HCN)/X(HNC) could be used to trace evolution of high-mass star forming clumps, X(HCO^+^)/X(HNC) is more suitable for distinguishing high-mass star-forming clumps in prestellar (stage A) from those in protostellar (stage B) and HII/PDR region (stage C). These results suggest that the global averaged integrated intensity ratios between HCN(1-0), HNC(1-0), HCO^+^(1-0) and N_2_H^+^(1-0) are more suitable for tracing the evolution of high-mass star forming clumps. We also studied the chemical properties of the target high-mass star-forming clumps in each spiral arm of the Galaxy, and got results very different from those above. This is probably due to the relatively small sample in each spiral arm. For high-mass star-forming clumps in Sagittarius arm and Norma-Outer arm, comparing two groups located on one arm with different Galactocentric distances, the clumps near the Galactic Center appear to be younger than those far from the Galactic center, which may be due to more dense gas concentrated near the Galactic Center, and hence more massive stars being formed there.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/658/A104
- Title:
- HL Tau SO2 14(0-14)-13(1,13) datacube
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/658/A104
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Planet-forming disks are not isolated systems. Their interaction with the surrounding medium affects their mass budget and chemical content. In the context of the ALMA-DOT program, we obtained high-resolution maps of assorted lines from six disks that are still partly embedded in their natal envelope. In this work, we examine the SO and SO_2_ emission that is detected from four sources: DG Tau, HL Tau, IRAS 04302+2247, and T Tau. The comparison with CO, HCO^+^, and CS maps reveals that the SO and SO_2_ emission originates at the intersection between extended streamers and the planet-forming disk. Two targets, DG Tau and HL Tau, offers clear cases of inflowing material inducing an accretion shock on the disk material. The measured rotational temperatures and radial velocities are consistent with this view. In contrast to younger Class 0 sources, these shocks are confined to the specific disk region impacted by the streamer. In HL Tau, the known accreting streamer induces a shock in the disk outskirt, and the released SO and SO_2_ molecules spiral toward the star in a few hundreds years. These results suggest that shocks induced by late accreting material may be common in the disks of young star-forming regions with possible consequences on the chemical composition and mass content of the disk. They also highlight the importance of SO and SO_2_ line observations to probe accretion shocks from a larger sample.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/849/139
- Title:
- Interstellar acetone (CH_3_COCH_3_) in 3 regions
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/849/139
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present observations of interstellar acetone (CH_3_COCH_3_) detected in broadband line surveys in the 1.3mm band from the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO). The observations were conducted toward three massive star-forming regions: GAL31.41+0.31, GAL034.3+00.2, and GAL10.47+00.03. Numerous acetone lines were detected in these three sources. The results were analyzed using the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. These results rigorously confirm the previous reports of acetone detections in GAL31.41+0.31 and GAL10.47+00.03, and add a new acetone detection in GAL034.3+00.2. Source-averaged column densities for acetone were determined to be 1.1(6)x10^16^cm^-2^ for GAL31.41+0.31, 6.4(3)x10^16^cm^-2^ for GAL10.47+00.03, and 1.3(3)x10^15^cm^-2^ for GAL034.3+00.2. The rotational temperatures of acetone in these three sources range from 49 to 132K, which suggests a complicated formation mechanism for interstellar acetone.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/642/L7
- Title:
- IRAS 04302+2247 CO, CS, CN, H2CO, CH3OH maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/642/L7
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The chemical composition of planets is inherited from that of the natal protoplanetary disk at the time of planet formation. Increasing observational evidence suggests that planet formation occurs in less than 1-2Myr. This motivates the need for spatially resolved spectral observations of young Class I disks, as carried out by the ALMA chemical survey of Disk-Outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT). In the context of ALMA-DOT, we observe the edge-on disk around the Class I source IRAS 04302+2247 (the butterfly star) in the 1.3mm continuum and five molecular lines. We report the first tentative detection of methanol (CH_3_OH) in a Class I disk and resolve, for the first time, the vertical structure of a disk with multiple molecular tracers. The bulk of the emission in the CO 2-1, CS 5-4, and o-H_2_CO 3_1,2_-2_1,1_ lines originates from the warm molecular layer, with the line intensity peaking at increasing disk heights, z, for increasing radial distances, r. Molecular emission is vertically stratified, with CO observed at larger disk heights (aperture z/r~0.41-0.45) compared to both CS and H2CO, which are nearly cospatial (z/r~0.21-0.28). In the outer midplane, the line emission decreases due to molecular freeze-out onto dust grains (freeze-out layer) by a factor of >100 (CO) and 15 (CS). The H_2_CO emission decreases by a factor of only about 2, which is possibly due to H2CO formation on icy grains, followed by a nonthermal release into the gas phase. The inferred [CH_3_OH]/[H_2_CO] abundance ratio is 0.5-0.6, which is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than for Class 0 hot corinos, and a factor ~2.5 lower than the only other value inferred for a protoplanetary disk (in TW Hya, 1.3-1.7). Additionally, it is at the lower edge but still consistent with the values in comets. This may indicate that some chemical reprocessing occurs in disks before the formation of planets and comets.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/846/71
- Title:
- M51 ISM structures from the CO maps of PAWS
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/846/71
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We compare the structure of molecular gas at 40pc resolution to the ability of gas to form stars across the disk of the spiral galaxy M51. We break the PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS; Schinnerer+ 2013ApJ...779...42S) into 370pc and 1.1kpc resolution elements, and within each we estimate the molecular gas depletion time ({tau}_Dep_^mol^), the star-formation efficiency per free-fall time ({epsilon}_ff_), and the mass-weighted cloud-scale (40pc) properties of the molecular gas: surface density, {Sigma}, line width, {sigma}, and b={Sigma}/{sigma}^2^{propto}{alpha}_vir_^-1^, a parameter that traces the boundedness of the gas. We show that the cloud-scale surface density appears to be a reasonable proxy for mean volume density. Applying this, we find a typical star-formation efficiency per free-fall time, {epsilon}_ff_(<{Sigma}_40pc_>)~0.3%-0.36%, lower than adopted in many models and found for local clouds. Furthermore, the efficiency per free-fall time anti-correlates with both {Sigma} and {sigma}, in some tension with turbulent star-formation models. The best predictor of the rate of star formation per unit gas mass in our analysis is b={Sigma}/{sigma}^2^, tracing the strength of self-gravity, with {tau}_Dep_^mol^{propto}b^-0.9^. The sense of the correlation is that gas with stronger self-gravity (higher b) forms stars at a higher rate (low {tau}_Dep_^mol^). The different regions of the galaxy mostly overlap in {tau}_Dep_^mol^ as a function of b, so that low b explains the surprisingly high {tau}_Dep_^mol^ found toward the inner spiral arms found by Meidt et al. (2013ApJ...779...45M).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/901/L8
- Title:
- Molecular gas properties of 70 PHANGS-ALMA galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/901/L8
- Date:
- 23 Feb 2022 00:10:50
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Using the PHANGS-ALMA CO(2-1) survey, we characterize molecular gas properties on ~100pc scales across 102,778 independent sightlines in 70 nearby galaxies. This yields the best synthetic view of molecular gas properties on cloud scales across the local star-forming galaxy population obtained to date. Consistent with previous studies, we observe a wide range of molecular gas surface densities (3.4dex), velocity dispersions (1.7dex), and turbulent pressures (6.5dex) across the galaxies in our sample. Under simplifying assumptions about subresolution gas structure, the inferred virial parameters suggest that the kinetic energy of the molecular gas typically exceeds its self-gravitational binding energy at ~100pc scales by a modest factor (1.3 on average). We find that the cloud-scale surface density, velocity dispersion, and turbulent pressure (1) increase toward the inner parts of galaxies, (2) are exceptionally high in the centers of barred galaxies (where the gas also appears less gravitationally bound), and (3) are moderately higher in spiral arms than in inter-arm regions. The galaxy-wide averages of these gas properties also correlate with the integrated stellar mass, star formation rate, and offset from the star-forming main sequence of the host galaxies. These correlations persist even when we exclude regions with extraordinary gas properties in galaxy centers, which contribute significantly to the inter-galaxy variations. Our results provide key empirical constraints on the physical link between molecular cloud populations and their galactic environment.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/892/148
- Title:
- Molecular ISM in nearby star-forming galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/892/148
- Date:
- 19 Jan 2022 09:08:29
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We compare the observed turbulent pressure in molecular gas, P_turb_, to the required pressure for the interstellar gas to stay in equilibrium in the gravitational potential of a galaxy, P_DE_. To do this, we combine arcsecond resolution CO data from PHANGS-ALMA with multiwavelength data that trace the atomic gas, stellar structure, and star formation rate (SFR) for 28 nearby star-forming galaxies. We find that P_turb_ correlates with--but almost always exceeds--the estimated P_DE_ on kiloparsec scales. This indicates that the molecular gas is overpressurized relative to the large-scale environment. We show that this overpressurization can be explained by the clumpy nature of molecular gas; a revised estimate of P_DE_ on cloud scales, which accounts for molecular gas self-gravity, external gravity, and ambient pressure, agrees well with the observed P_turb_ in galaxy disks. We also find that molecular gas with cloud-scale P_turb_~P_DE_>~10^5^k_B_Kcm^-3^ in our sample is more likely to be self-gravitating, whereas gas at lower pressure it appears more influenced by ambient pressure and/or external gravity. Furthermore, we show that the ratio between P_turb_ and the observed SFR surface density, {Sigma}_SFR_, is compatible with stellar feedback-driven momentum injection in most cases, while a subset of the regions may show evidence of turbulence driven by additional sources. The correlation between {Sigma}_SFR_ and kpc-scale P_DE_ in galaxy disks is consistent with the expectation from self-regulated star formation models. Finally, we confirm the empirical correlation between molecular-to-atomic gas ratio and kpc-scale P_DE_ reported in previous works.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/851/76
- Title:
- Molecular transitions toward NGC5128 with ALMA
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/851/76
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Centaurus A, with its gas-rich elliptical host galaxy, NGC 5128, is the nearest radio galaxy at a distance of 3.8Mpc. Its proximity allows us to study the interaction among an active galactic nucleus, radio jets, and molecular gas in great detail. We present ALMA observations of low-J transitions of three CO isotopologues, HCN, HCO+, HNC, CN, and CCH toward the inner projected 500pc of NGC 5128. Our observations resolve physical sizes down to 40pc. By observing multiple chemical probes, we determine the physical and chemical conditions of the nuclear interstellar medium of NGC 5128. This region contains molecular arms associated with the dust lanes and a circumnuclear disk (CND) interior to the molecular arms. The CND is approximately 400pc by 200pc and appears to be chemically distinct from the molecular arms. It is dominated by dense gas tracers while the molecular arms are dominated by ^12^CO and its rare isotopologues. The CND has a higher temperature, elevated CN/HCN and HCN/HNC intensity ratios, and much weaker ^13^CO and C^18^O emission than the molecular arms. This suggests an influence from the AGN on the CND molecular gas. There is also absorption against the AGN with a low velocity complex near the systemic velocity and a high velocity complex shifted by about 60km/s. We find similar chemical properties between the CND in emission and both the low and high velocity absorption complexes, implying that both likely originate from the CND. If the HV complex does originate in the CND, then that gas would correspond to gas falling toward the supermassive black hole.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/883/156
- Title:
- Nobeyama 45m Cygnus-X CO. II. C180 clumps
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/883/156
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the statistical physical properties of the C^18^O(J=1-0) clumps present in a prominent cluster-forming region, Cygnus X, using the data set obtained by the Nobeyama 45m radio telescope. This survey covers 9deg^2^ of the northern and southern regions of Cygnus X, and, in total, 174 C^18^O clumps are identified using the dendrogram method. Assuming a distance of 1.4kpc, these clumps have radii of 0.2-1pc, velocity dispersions of <2.2km/s, gas masses of 30-3000M_{sun}_, and H_2_ densities of (0.2-5.5)x10^4^cm^-3^. We confirm that the C^18^O clumps in the northern region have a higher H_2_ density than those in the southern region, supporting the existence of a difference in the evolutionary stages, consistent with the star-formation activity of these regions. The difference in the clump properties of the star-forming and starless clumps is also confirmed by the radius, velocity dispersion, gas mass, and H_2_ density. The average virial ratio of 0.3 supports that these clumps are gravitationally bound. The C^18^O clump mass function shows two spectral index components, {alpha}=-1.4 in 55-140M_{sun}_ and {alpha}=-2.1 in >140M_{sun}_, which are consistent with the low- and intermediate-mass parts of the Kroupa's initial mass function. The spectral index of the star-forming clumps >140M_{sun}_ is consistent with that of the starless clumps ranging from 55-140M_{sun}_, suggesting that the latter will evolve into star-forming clumps while retaining the gas accretion. Assuming a typical star-formation efficiency of molecular clumps (10%), about 10 C^18^O clumps having a gas mass of >10^3^M_{sun}_ will evolve into open clusters containing one or more OB stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/880/138
- Title:
- Observed transitions of CH_3_OH and CH_3_CHO
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/880/138
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- IRAM 30m Observations toward eight protostellar outflow sources were taken in the 96-176GHz range. Transitions of CH_3_OH and CH_3_CHO were detected in seven of them. The integrated emissions of the transitions of each species that fell into the observed frequency range were measured and fit using RADEX and LTE models. Column densities and gas properties inferred from this fitting are presented. The ratio of the A and E-type isomers of CH_3_OH indicates that the methanol observed in these outflows was formed on the grain surface. Both species demonstrate a reduction of terminal velocity in their line profiles in faster outflows, indicating destruction in the post-shock gas phase. This destruction, and a near constant ratio of the CH_3_OH and CH_3_CHO column densities, imply it is most likely that CH_3_CHO also forms on the grain surface.
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