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61. CO obs. of molecular outflows in the Cygnus complex
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/248/15
Title:
CO obs. of molecular outflows in the Cygnus complex
Short Name:
J/ApJS/248/15
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We present a survey of molecular outflows across the dark cloud complex in the Cygnus region, based on a 46.75deg^2^ field of CO isotopologue data from the Milky Way Imaging Scroll Painting (MWISP) survey. A supervised machine-learning algorithm, the support vector machine, is introduced to accelerate our visual assessment of outflow features in the data cube of ^12^CO and ^13^CO J=1-0 emission. A total of 130 outflow candidates are identified, 77 of which show bipolar structures and 118 are new detections. Spatially, these outflows are located inside dense molecular clouds, and some of them are found in clusters or in elongated linear structures tracing the underlying gas filament morphology. Along the line of sight, 97, 31, and 2 candidates reside in the Local, Perseus, and Outer Arms, respectively. Young stellar objects as outflow drivers are found near most outflows, while 36 candidates show no associated source. The clusters of outflows that we detect are inhomogeneous in their properties; nevertheless, we show that the outflows cannot inject turbulent energy on cloud scales. Instead, at best, they are restricted to affecting the so-called "clump" and "core" scales, and only on short (~0.3Myr) estimated timescales. Combined with outflow samples in the literature, our work shows a tight outflow mass-size correlation.
62. CO obs. of Planck Galactic cold clumps
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/247/29
Title:
CO obs. of Planck Galactic cold clumps
Short Name:
J/ApJS/247/29
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
Sixty-five Planck Galactic cold clumps (PGCCs) from the first quadrant (IQuad) and 39 from the anticenter direction region (ACent) were observed in ^12^CO, ^13^CO, and C^18^O J=1-0 lines using the 13.7m telescope of the Purple Mountain Observatory. All the targets were detected in all three lines, except for 12 IQuad and 8 ACent PGCCs without C^18^O detection. Seventy-six and 49 velocity components were obtained in IQuad and ACent respectively; 146 cores were extracted from 76 IQuad clumps and 100 cores from 49 ACent clumps. The average Tex of IQuad cores and ACent cores is 12.4K and 12.1K, respectively. The average line widths of ^13^CO of IQuad cores and ACent cores are 1.55km/s and 1.77km/s, respectively. Among the detected cores, 24 in IQuad and 13 in ACent have asymmetric line profiles. The small blue excesses, ~0.03 in IQuad and 0.01 in ACent, indicate that star formation is not active in these PGCC cores. Power-law fittings of the core mass function to the high-mass end give indices of -0.57 in IQuad and -1.02 in ACent, which are flatter than the slope of the initial mass function given by Salpeter. The large turnover masses of 28M_{sun}_ for IQuad cores and 77M_{sun}_ for ACent cores suggest low star formation efficiencies in PGCCs. The correlation between virial mass and gas mass indicates that most PGCC cores in both regions are not likely pressure-confined.
63. CO outflow candidates toward W3/4/5 complex
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/242/19
Title:
CO outflow candidates toward W3/4/5 complex
Short Name:
J/ApJS/242/19
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
Using the Purple Mountain Observatory Delingha 13.7m telescope, we conducted a large-scale ^12^CO(J=1->0) outflow survey (over ~110deg^2^) toward the W3/4/5 complex and its surroundings. In total, 459 outflow candidates were identified. Approximately 62% (284) were located in the Perseus arm, including the W3/4/5 complex and its surroundings, while ~35% (162) were located in the Local arm, ~1% (5) were in the Outer arm, and ~2% (8) were in two interarm regions. This result indicated that star formation was concentrated in the Galactic spiral arms. The detailed spatial distribution of the outflow candidates showed that the Perseus arm presented the most active star formation among the study regions. The W3/4/5 complex is a great region to research massive star formation in a triggered environment. A key region, which has been well studied by other researches, is in the eastern high-density W3 complex that neighbors the W4 complex. Two shell-like structures in the Local arm contain candidates that can be used to study the impact on star formation imposed by massive or intermediate-mass stars in relatively isolated systems. The majority of outflow candidates in the two interarm regions and the Outer arm are located in filamentary structures.
64. CO outflow cand. toward W3/4/5 complex. II.
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/251/26
Title:
CO outflow cand. toward W3/4/5 complex. II.
Short Name:
J/ApJS/251/26
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
To date, few studies have focused on protostellar outflow feedback at scales larger than several parsecs. To address this paucity of research, we investigate the effects of feedback from CO outflow candidates on their parent clouds over ~110deg^2^ toward the W3/4/5 complex and its surroundings. Our search identified 265 ^13^CO clouds with radii being ~0.04-17.12pc. We estimate the turbulent support and potential disruptive effect of the outflow activities through analyzing physical properties of outflow candidates and their host clouds in terms of turbulence and gravitational binding energy. We find that (1) clouds of larger size might be less affected by feedback; (2) the possible scale break is >~4.7pc for both turbulent support and potential disruptive effect; (3) if outflows couple to dense gas where stars are forming, for clouds in the Perseus arm, a scale <~0.2-0.4pc is sufficient for the energy and momentum injected by outflow activity to maintain turbulence, while for clouds in the Local arm, the scale is <~0.1-0.2pc; and (4) for clouds in the Perseus arm, a scale <~0.3-1.0pc is needed for outflow activity to potentially disperse material away from the natal clouds, while for clouds in the Local arm, the scale is <~0.2-0.6pc. The strength of outflow activity may affect the values in points 3 and 4. Finally, we find that outflow feedback probably possesses the power to alter the line width-size relation.
65. CO properties of compact group galaxies
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/607/A110
Title:
CO properties of compact group galaxies
Short Name:
J/A+A/607/A110
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
Compact groups (CGs) provide an environment in which interactions between galaxies and with the intra-group medium enable and accelerate galaxy transitions from actively star forming to quiescent. Galaxies in transition from active to quiescent can be selected, by their infrared (IR) colors, as canyon or infrared transition zone (IRTZ) galaxies. We used a sample of CG galaxies with IR data from the Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) allowing us to calculate the stellar mass and star formation rate (SFR) for each galaxy. Furthermore, we present new CO(1-0) data for 27 galaxies and collect data from the literature to calculate the molecular gas mass for a total sample of 130 galaxies. This data set allows us to study the difference in the molecular gas fraction (Mmol/Mstar) and star formation efficiency (SFE=SFR/Mmol) between active, quiescent, and transitioning (i.e., canyon and IRTZ) galaxies. We find that transitioning galaxies have a mean molecular gas fraction and a mean SFE that are significantly lower than those of actively star-forming galaxies. The molecular gas fraction is higher than that of quiescent galaxies, whereas the SFE is similar. These results indicate that the transition from actively star-forming to quiescent in CG galaxies goes along with a loss of molecular gas, possibly due to tidal forces exerted from the neighboring galaxies or a decrease in the gas density. In addition, the remaining molecular gas loses its ability to form stars efficiently, possibly owing to turbulence perturbing the gas, as seen in other, well-studied examples such as Stephan's Quintet and HCG 57. Thus, the amount and properties of molecular gas play a crucial role in the environmentally driven transition of galaxies from actively star forming to quiescent.
66. CO Radial Velocities Toward Galactic H II Regions
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/VII/50
Title:
CO Radial Velocities Toward Galactic H II Regions
Short Name:
VII/50
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
The catalog contains machine-readable versions of the "Catalog of CO Radial Velocities Toward Galactic HII Regions" (Blitz et al. 1982) and the "Catalog of Carbon Monoxide Observations of Southern Hemisphere HII Regions" (Gillespie et al. 1977) in two separate files. The former is a catalog of 242 molecular cloud complexes that are associated with optical HII regions and includes source names, coordinates, CO radial velocities, antenna temperatures and full width at half-maximum at the position of the strongest CO emission, references for the observations, distances to the stars exciting the HII regions, and optical diameters of the HII regions. The latter is the first CO survey of the southern sky; it was made using the Anglo-Australian 3.9-m optical telescope at 115GHz (2.6-mm wavelength) with a hot-electron bolometer receiver located at the Coude focus. The data were collected during two observing periods (September 1975, April 1976) and include designations, coordinates, median values for the velocities, and distances to the stars exciting the HII regions.
67. CO spectra of 55 LIRGs and ULIRGs
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/628/A71
Title:
CO spectra of 55 LIRGs and ULIRGs
Short Name:
J/A+A/628/A71
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We present IRAM-30m Telescope ^12^CO and ^13^CO observations of a sample of 55 luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs and ULIRGs) in the local universe. This sample is a subset of the Great Observatory All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS), for which we use ancillary multi-wavelength data to better understand their interstellar medium and star formation properties. Fifty-three (96%) of the galaxies are detected in ^12^CO, and 29 (52%) are also detected in ^13^CO above a 3{sigma} level. The median full width at zero intensity (FWZI) velocity of the CO line emission is 661km/s, and 54% of the galaxies show a multi-peak CO profile. Herschel photometric data is used to construct the far-IR spectral energy distribution of each galaxy, which are fit with a modified blackbody model that allows us to derive dust temperatures and masses, and infrared luminosities. We make the assumption that the gas-to-dust mass ratio of (U)LIRGs is comparable to local spiral galaxies with a similar stellar mass (i.e., gas/dust of mergers is comparable to their progenitors) to derive a CO-to-H_2_ conversion factor of <{alpha}>=1.8^+1.3^_0.8_M_{sun}_/(K.km/s/pc^2^); such a value is comparable to that derived for (U)LIRGs based on dynamical mass arguments. We derive gas depletion times of 400-600Myr for the (U)LIRGs, compared to the 1.3Gyr for local spiral galaxies. Finally, we re-examine the relationship between the ^12^CO/^13^CO ratio and dust temperature, confirming a transition to elevated ratios in warmer systems.
68. CO spectra of 49 semi-regular variables
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/629/A94
Title:
CO spectra of 49 semi-regular variables
Short Name:
J/A+A/629/A94
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We aim to study the main properties of a volume-limited unbiased sample of well characterized semi-regular variables (SRs) in order to clarify important issues that need to be further explained, such as the formation of axially symmetric planetary nebulae (PNe) from spherical circumstellar envelopes (CSEs) that takes place during the mass loss process along the AGB phase. We present new high S/N IRAM 30m observations of the ^12^CO J=2-1, ^12^CO J=1-0, and ^13^CO J=1-0 lines, in a volume-limited sample of SRs for which the Hipparcos distances are between 100-500 pc and declinations above -25{deg}. We analyzed the data by characterizing the main properties of the CSEs. The ^12^CO J=2-1 data have been used to study the profiles, while the ^12^CO J=1-0 data have been used to estimate mass-loss rates for the complete sample. Moreover, the ^12^CO J=2-1 line has been used to determine the possible structures responsible for such profiles. We have classified the sources into four groups according to the different profiles and final gas expansion velocities. Type 1 and 2 profiles are broad and narrow symmetric lines, respectively. Type 1 profiles, furthermore, are more related to standard spherically symmetric envelopes already studied. Type 3 profiles, on the contrary, are strange profiles with very pronounced asymmetries. Type 4 profiles, finally, are those which show two different components: a narrow line profile superimposed on a broad pedestal component. We find that for sources which show this kind of profile, with two different components, the variation amplitude is very low, what means that these SRs do not have a well developed inner envelope differentiated from the outer one. Interestingly, we report a moderate correlation between mass-loss rates and ^12^CO J=1-0/^12^CO J=2-1 line intensity ratios for O-rich SRs, suggesting a different behaviour between C- and O-rich SRs. By using SHAPE+shapemol, we find a unified simple model based on an oblate spheroid, placed in different orientations, that may explain all the ^12^CO profiles in the sample, indicating that the gas expansion is, in general, predominantly equatorial. Moreover, in order to explain the type 4 profiles, we define an extra component which may somehow be a biconical structure or similar according to the structures already found in this kind of sources. Type 1 and 2 profiles, curiously, may also be explained by standard spherically symmetric envelopes, but often requiring anomalously low velocities. Type 3 and 4 profiles, however, need axial symmetry to be explained. We conclude that most circumstellar shells around SRs show axial, strongly non-spherical symmetry. More interferometric observations are needed in order to make firm conclusions about mass-loss processes and possible morphologies of SRs.
69. CO spectra of Virgo cluster galaxies
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/590/A27
Title:
CO spectra of Virgo cluster galaxies
Short Name:
J/A+A/590/A27
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
We present ^12^CO(1-0) and ^12^CO(2-1) observations of a sample of 20 star-forming dwarfs selected from the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey, with oxygen abundances ranging from 12+log(O/H)~8.1 to 8.8. CO emission is observed in ten galaxies and marginally detected in another one. CO fluxes correlate with the FIR 250um emission, and the dwarfs follow the same linear relation that holds for more massive spiral galaxies extended to a wider dynamical range. We compare different methods to estimate H_2_ molecular masses, namely a metallicity-dependent CO-to-H_2_ conversion factor and one dependent on H-band luminosity. The molecular-to-stellar mass ratio remains nearly constant at stellar masses <=10^9^M_{sun}_, contrary to the atomic hydrogen fraction, M_HI_/M*, which increases inversely with M*. The flattening of the M_H2_/M* ratio at low stellar masses does not seem to be related to the effects of the cluster environment because it occurs for both HI-deficient and HI-normal dwarfs. The molecular-to-atomic ratio is more tightly correlated with stellar surface density than metallicity, confirming that the interstellar gas pressure plays a key role in determining the balance between the two gaseous components of the interstellar medium. Virgo dwarfs follow the same linear trend between molecular gas mass and star formation rate as more massive spirals, but gas depletion timescales, tau_dep, are not constant and range between 100Myr and 6Gyr. The interaction with the Virgo cluster environment is removing the atomic gas and dust components of the dwarfs, but the molecular gas appears to be less affected at the current stage of evolution within the cluster. However, the correlation between HI deficiency and the molecular gas depletion time suggests that the lack of gas replenishment from the outer regions of the disc is lowering the star formation activity.
70. 13CO survey of Mon & CMa molecular clouds
ID:
ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/PASJ/56/313
Title:
13CO survey of Mon & CMa molecular clouds
Short Name:
J/PASJ/56/313
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
Through a large-scale 13^CO (J=1-0) survey toward a region in Monoceros and Canis Major, we have identified in total 115 clouds.

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